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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF

THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

SHOWING THE

OPERATIONS, EXPENDITURES, AND CONDITION OF THE INSTITUTION FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30

L915

WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1916

CONTENTS.

Letter from the Secretary submitting the Annual Report of the Regents to

CURT ET S's Ra eee aR ee Se ¥ RRR pane pes PeaLeOIS OL PAOTCDONG. 2.55502 ke a a 8 oo At co eae) rt EA LL SST ACTING) ENTE Ai) sence ace Re SOR ml Far aes PEC PERS Te fre 8 aL Se See CORDS SENS eee Goneralsibjccts of the annual Teport. 4244.2. 5 oe 0 aS sels oe ei ss Officials of the Lostitution and its branches: .222.8 2. 2. oo. enone ans 2s

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

The Smithsonihnelnstitutionss<ne%. 925th sa3t)slen cel foes seosece jo elsadikes Phe ata isnn ent ayes se hos Sys se ts T5, = oS. n se sit hes OAndyOrrwepen tier: katt on. o sy oem ee. a. pE A. cesb eae wei Pinances, (ssa eter es 2d - cht haplce’ } acest iS * sighs zach Researches and explorations:

Geological explorations in the Rocky Mountains..................-- Stratigraphic studies in central Tennessee...............:....------- Fossil Echinoderms in western New York.....-..-.-.-..+-------+----- Viertebratetiosstlsain~Montama, 9 ya) .ah2id Saecehss $y eddie sds 45-canh Coralidinyestiontions= 0 sted? 7A oo tias goueiash- esr bap adele} ees Borneo and Celebes expeditions: Abesesi2 te seu). ssa Jo nahe deeseaes Expeditions to the War: Hast seo vel sd eeseea itt Io aitise begat aaet ipird -siudies an ULingige> oo je eS Tee alee see sett oe Henderson, expedition: im Cuback csc bec $fish2 case) wastes bs de eine Botanicaliexplorations,in South, Americas. 22230. sue oes. ys ects sas Anthropological researches in Africa and Siberia ..........--..------ Phe natimalynistory ol mam: 2) Seb ot. eee yt es a ek pat lislandiok bimorjexpedtilony ss Sh) Seco Se ay cece deh id aiid hays Clearing of fog by electrical precipitation...........-..-.-...-..----- PLCSEATE MO OLDOPALLOD sis Cis Uae Lu Sn ye US NURSE EOP le aay Ss Harmimen Drueti-Bund A:teetat Bisse auto toe eb nd eeeyetioee> 2 e556 ianeley Aerodynamical Laboratory... ...- 2 4522820-2) 8-52 F853 Pup ieaitonss- eeeo ee eas oan. x URED er le wach UG A Sa ead ee I Piiperctigees eor eter Sete ar ae cen tC Re Se. Le ee mesa eel Sa iLuvey=t and George’ W. Poore Fund:: .--...22.22 20. 02. rails ani aN Ser bresrCollecttonlans <2 onss) seme: oe. cL here «Seu eee Seek eee 2

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HetrcemaniomaletnChanresencs 0 sakes attend oe oe aE oS eRe biaracals

International Catalogue of Scientific Literature...............----.-..-------

iivenal MogtariCal Patkeee ee.) <n seoGuee Alf oS onsen ao ob dats aL oe Vd

er mecaeneae sie ccm ete as eR ek eee Sa Beans os

Page.

VI CONTENTS.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY—Continued.

Appendix 1. Report on the United States National Museum. ...-............ . Report on the Bureau of American Ethnology..... Bh) eco ae

. Report on the National Zoological Park...........-...........- . Report on the Astrophysical Observatory..........-......------- . Report:onthe Tuibrany 44.52 ee 4 ard Pe os ie ee ee . Report on the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature. - - ;. Report onspublicationsiis: = 402-6 cee scene ase eee eee

CONT SO Or & bO

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND REGENTS.

Report of Executive Committee...4.\..2 2.2. cya cine earoncicioie = 3 a Proceedings of Board.of, Regents: . poss. hee erence enon pene tu ee eee

GENERAL APPENDIX.

Review of astronomy for the year 1913, by P. Puiseux ............-..-...--- The utilization of solar energy, by A. S. E. Ackermann.............--------- The constitution of matter and the evolution of the elements, by Ernest Ruther-

Submarine signaling, by R..F. Blake ..<.....5.-2-2- 22 coe! eee The earthquake in the Marsica, Central Italy, by Ernesto Mancini..-.-......-- Atlantis, by Pierre Termier......2- 2. 2.5.2 6202 . 22. So ER OB Pare Evidences of primitive life, by Charles D. Walcott........--....------+----- The place of forestry among natural sciences, by Henry S. Graves.........-.-- Lignum Nephriticum, by- W. E.-Satiord. soit. sigieny. os Sie ee Impressions of the voices of tropical birds, by Louis Agassiz Fuertes........-.- The Eskimo Curlew and its disappearance, by Myron B.. Swenk.............- Construction of insect nests, by Y. Sjéstedt..2l0s2.. 2522 222 9.2 Ieee see Olden time knowledge of Hippocampus, by C. R. Eastman............-.---- Heredity, by William: Bateson... .. <5 sco00.0 Gancsci oS FARE Se Some aspects of progress in modern zoology, by Edmund B. Wilson......-..--- Linguistic areas in Europe: Their boundaries and political significance, by

Leon Dominian:: 2222.55 2. SYP 20 eae Oe Le Excavations at Tell el-Amarna, Egypt, in 1913-14, by Ludwig Borchardt. ..... Vaccines, by Li-Rogeri sos.) s55 3450-225 222n Se SOE Oe ee Progress in reclamation of arid lands in the Western United States, by John

Bs Beadle cis aces eect ek ates a coer screenees Some recent developments in telephony and telegraphy, by Frank B. Jewett. Sir David Gill, by A. S. Eddington....... 222002: | 1S ae es eee Walter Holbrook Gaskell, by J. N. Langley .........:....-.2-.2022<i-0 SSR Ue ee

. Report omtheInternational Exchanges.........................

Page.

28

LIST OF Secretary’s Report: Page. Va tey pl see cen ae (2 Solar Energy (Ackermann) : IVE GES pel en eee an ee Need re 154 124 Key econ ee: ee eel ee ee ne 160 RISCSGOs Ose oa eee eee 164 Constitution of Matter (Ruther- ford): LEAP yey: ee Soe a aoe eed 172 1 Er) es gy ae ee Re ce eee 180 latest one See ee 182 eaten ees 190 Earthquake (Mancini) : TFs ey a ete re ne 218 Primitive Life (Walcott) : lente ies Nas ee Pee MRE Ese 235 Plates 2 asp sess eee Ge es 240 BaP CShA pte oe Re ale Dye 242 PES HG el ee ee ee ee 244 LESS Ey ta act ee se is ras 246 PRUs Ee a KO) pa Un a I ad 248 Paes ial Melly ees are we Se) 2d fs HLire\ feel Wc: Ee ty rue ws Mee ae are 252 TRANG) ees G3 Ro He ae SE as 254 Lignum nephriticum (Safford) : Platena(colored)) 22. see ee al Plate. = eee ee eee PU TV en EC apie tes est ie ES as 280 Plater4 (colored) 2 2082 ee 282 Plate: 5s (colored) 2222202 es 283 TAT CG Sneek 292 VAL (ei san a nek LL 296 Bird Voices (Fuertes) : ates pl eae ey oe ee 300 DEAE eS ge DS ee eee hae 304 Plates 5? Ge 22 See a 310

PLATES.

Bird Voices—Continued. Page. PL ATCS PR Se Se = Uh ern ee 312 PlatestOP On. 222 bee ee 314 1 EAs ea tt Ms bp a ee 316 Plates. sae a ee 318 Plates past Gee eee 322

Eskimo Curlew (Swenk) :

I a eee a Pe 338

Insect Nests (Sjostedt) :

1 EUG ratte [1 Ae Soy cw toes epapel pi 342 Plates oie eee Ee ee 344

Hippocampus (Hastman) :

PTAC ia eee es OE a EE 352 1 Be) ets iea yes oe se ae 354 Linguistic Areas (Dominian) : 1 eat ates a (se ee = 412 aC eee eae 414 1 BATS Re vical alt i ale ee 426 Plate nace: cee ee a ee 434 Et ek aS ae 2 Te a ae gS 442 Excavations in Egypt (Borchardt) : Es entered. sat) eet oe Pe Sl ee 446 PACES Do oye Se 2 ee 448 DBA EG eC SyS Itz Se Onteal R S 450 PVA CESE Ge ie ee el eee 452

Jl ARCS etShupcl ko Vana ens aloe TN aces 454 Plates HlOaljoee ae. ae 456

Reclamation (Beadle) :

1 BA Re Tt Sint Leb al ee ale ap 472 PIA eSp So Aarne a See oe 474 Piatess di. Gas ote ee 478 PIAGeS (iG eee a 480 Plates: ON Osseo st a ee 482 Plates; da alee Ss 484 Plates Sas ae ee 486

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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1915.

SUBJECTS.

1. Annual report of the secretary, giving an account of the opera- tions and condition of the Institution for the year ending June 30, 1915, with statistics of exchanges, etc.

2. Report of the executive committee of the Board of Regents, exhibiting the financial affairs of the Institution, including a state- ment of the Smithsonian fund, and receipts and expenditures for the year ending June 30, 1915.

3. Proceedings of the Board of Regents for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915.

4, General appendix, comprising a selection of miscellaneous mem- oirs of interest to collaborators and correspondents of the Institution, teachers, and others engaged in the promotion of knowledge. These memoirs relate chiefly to the calendar year 1915.

Ix

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THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,

June 380, 1915.

Presiding officer ex officio —Woovrow Wixson, President of the United States. Chancellor.—EpWARD DouGLAsSS WHITE, Chief Justice of the United States. Members of the Institution:

Wooprow WIxson, President of the United States.

THomMAs R. MARSHALL, Vice President of the United States.

Epwarp Douciass WHITE, Chief Justice of the United States.

RoBert LANSING, Secretary of State.

WILLIAM GisBs McApoo, Secretary of the Treasury.

LINDLEY MILLER GARRISON, Secretary of War. .

THoMAS WATT Gregory, Attorney General.

ALBERT SIDNEY BURLESON, Postmaster General.

JOSEPHUS DANIELS, Secretary of the Navy.

FRANKLIN KNIGHT LANE, Secretary of the Interior.

Davin FRANKLIN Houston, Secretary of Agriculture.

WiLttAmM Cox REDFIELD, Secretary of Commerce.

WitiiAmM BAucHop WILSON, Secretary of Labor.

Regents of the Institution:

Epwarp Dovucitass WuHite, Chief Justice of the United States, Chancellor. THOMAS R. MARSHALL, Vice President of the United States. Henry Casor Lopgrt, Member of the Senate.

WILLIAM J. STonE, Member of the Senate. Henry FRENCH Ho.tiis, Member of the Senate. Scorr Frerris, Member of the House of Representatives.- MavricE Connotty, Member of the House of Representatives. Ernest W. Roserts, Member of the House of Representatives. ANDREW D. WHITE, citizen of New York. ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, citizen of Washington, D. C. GEORGE GRAY, citizen of Delaware. CHARLES I’. CHoaTe, Jr., citizen of Massachusetts. JoHN B. HENDERSON, Jr., citizen of Washington, D. C. CHARLES W. FAIRBANKS, citizen of Indiana.

Executive committee——GrorGeE GRAY, ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, MAURICE

CoNnNOLLY.

Secretary of the Institution— CHARLES D. WaLcort.

Assistant secretary.—RIcHARD RATHBUN.

Chief clerk—Harry W. Dorsry.

Accountant and disbursing agent.—W. I. ApAMS.

Editor—A Howarp Crark.

Assistant librarian.—Paut Brockett.

Property clerk.—J. H. Hix.

xI

XII THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Keeper ex officio CHARLES D, WALCOTT, Secretary of the Smithsonian Insti- tution.

Assistant secretary in charge.—RicHARD RATHBUN.

Administrative assistant.—W. DE C. RAVENEL.

Head curators.—Wi1Lu1aM H. HoitmMEs, LEONHARD STEJNEGER, G. P. MERRILL.

Curators.—Pavu. Bartscu, R. S. Basster, A. Howarp Crark, F. W. CLARKE, F. V. Covitte, W. H. Dati, CHESTER G. GILBERT, WALTER Hoven, L. O. Howarp, AteS HrpiiéKa, FREDERICK LL. Lewton, GEorGE C. MAyNaArp, Gerrit S. Miter, Jr., RoBERT RIDGWAY.

Associate curators.—J. C. CRAw¥ForpD, W. R. Maxon, DAvip WHITE.

Curator, National Gallery of Art—W. H. HoLtMEs.

Chief of correspondence and documents.—RANDOLPH I. GBARE.

Disbursing agent.—W. I. ADAMS.

Chief of exhibits (Biology).—James BW. BENEbICT.

Superintendent of buildings and labor.—J. S. GoLpsM1?TH.

Jditor.—Marcus BENJAMIN.

Assistant librarian.—Nn. P. ScupDDER.

Photographer.—T. W. SMILLIE.

Registrar.—S. C. BRown.

Property clerk.—W. A. KNOWLES.

Eingineer.—C. R. DENMARK.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.

Ethnologist-in-charge.—F. W. Honper.

Ethnologists—J. WALTER FEwkKeEs, JoHN P. Harrineton, J. N. B. Hewitt, Francis LA FLESCHE, TRUMAN MICHELSON, JAMES MoOONEY, JOHN R. SWANTON.

Special ethnologist.—Lxo J. FRACHTENBERG.

Honorary philologist—FRANZ Boas.

Hditor—JosErH G. GURLEY.

Librarian.—E.Lua LEARY.

Tllustrator.—DrE LANCEY GILL. -

INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES. Chief clerlk.—C, W. SHOEMAKER. NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.

Superintendent.—F RANK BAKER. Assistant superintendent.—A. B. BAKER.

ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY.

Director.—C. G. ABBOT. Aid.—F. E. Fow te, Jr. Bolometric assistant.—L. B. ALDRICH.

REGIONAL BUREAU FOR THE UNITED STATES, INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE.

Assistant in charge.—LEONARD C. GUNNELL.

REPORT OF THE

SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

CHARLES D. WALCOTT

FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1915.

To the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution:

GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to submit herewith the annual report on the operations of the Smithsonian Institution and its branches during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, including work placed by Congress under the direction of the Board of Regents in the United States National Museum, the Bureau of American Eth- nology, the International Exchanges, the National Zoological Park, the Astrophysical Observatory, and the United States Bureau of the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature.

The general report reviews the affairs of the Institution proper and briefly summarizes the operations of its several branches, while the appendices contain detailed reports by the assistant secretary and others directly in charge of various activities. The reports on operations of the National Museum and the Bureau of American Kthnology will also be published as independent volumes.

THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. THE ESTABLISHMENT.

The Smithsonian Institution was created an establishment by act of Congress approved August 10, 1846. Its statutory members are the President of the United States, the Vice President, the Chief Justice, and the heads of the executive departments.

THE BOARD OF REGENTS.

The Board of Regents consists of the Vice President and the Chief Justice of the United States as ex officio members, three Mem- bers of the Senate, three Members of the House of Representatives, and six citizens, “two of whom shall be resident in the city of Wash- ington and the other four shall be inhabitants of some eae but no two of them of the same State.”

In regard to the personnel of the board nae were no changes during the fiscal year. The roll of Regents on June 30 was as fol- lows: Edward D. White, Chief Justice of the United States, Chan-

18618°—sm 1915——1 1

me ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

cellor; Thomas R. Marshall, Vice President of the United States; Henry Cabot Lodge, Member of the Senate; Henry French Hollis, Member of the Senate; William J. Stone, Member of the Senate; Scott Ferris, Member of the House of Representatives; Ernest W. Roberts, Member of the House of Representatives; Maurice Con- nolly, former Member of the House of Representatives; Andrew D. White, citizen of New York; Alexander Graham Bell, citizen of Washington, D. C.; George Gray, citizen of Delaware; Charles F. Choate, jr., citizen of Massachusetts; John B. Henderson, jr., citizen of Washington, D. C.; and Charles W. Fairbanks, citizen of Indiana.

The board held its annual meeting on December 10, 1914. The Hon. George Gray was on that date elected chairman of the executive committee to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Bacon on February 14, 1914. The proceedings of the above meeting, as also the annual financial report of the executiye committee, have been printed, as usual, for the use of the Regents, while such important matters acted upon as are of public interest are reviewed under ap- propriate heads in the present report of the Secretary. A detailed statement of disbursements from Government appropriations, under the direction of the Institution for the maintenance of the National Museum, the National Zoological Park, and other branches, will be submitted to Congress by me Secretary in the usual manner in com- pliance with the law.

FINANCES.

The permanent fund of the Institution and the sources from which it was derived are as follows:

Deposited in the Treasury of the United States.

Bequest of James Smithson, 1846______ SAT Ge We bee ie Me ES yall el GOO Residuany lecacysor james Smithson) 1867222 eee 26, 210. 63 Deposit of Savings OL income, 156s 28-2 os ee ee eee 108, 620. 37~ Bequest of James Hamilton, 1875_____ fh SIF Ly SUS OOO Accumulated interest on Hamilton fund, 1895 - Rae er Se ees 1, 000 2, 000. 00 Bequestvof Simeon: Habel tS SOs sae Sa ed ee eee oe _ 500. 00 Deposits from proceeds of sale of bonds, 1881___-______________ 51, 500. 00 Gittiot ThomasiGs Hod ska ss SOs ee ee 200, 000. 00 Part of residuary legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins, 1894__________ 8, 000. 00 Depositirom savingscot income ad O032 see eee 25, 000. 00 Residuary legacy. of Thomas G. Hodgkins, 1907___________-_____ 7, 918. 69 PDeposituirom savines Of ANCOmMe,- Oils i sces eee ees oe ee eee 636. 94 Part of bequest of William Jones Rhees, 1918___________________ 251. 95 Deposit of proceeds from sale of real estate (gift of Robert Stanton sAvery ) 2101p BAe ee ee ee eee 9, 692. 42 Bequest: of :Addison Ts ReidtAGi4e. ewe Wee es eee ee 4, 795. 91

Deposit of savings from income Avery bequest, 1914_____________ 204. 09

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 3

Deposit of savings from come Avery fund, 1915__.-- $1, 862. 60 Deposit of savings from income Reid fund, 1915__________ 426. 04 Deposit of balance of principal $248.05 and income $28.39 Rhees

TEE G Ls AS DG Se GS RE RE YP ey \e Se 2 aoe et 276. 44 Deposit of first payment of Lucy T. and George W. Poore

CITC [She US BS eae NR at Sa A Adee 24, 5384.92

Total of fund deposited in the United States Treasury_._... 987, 600. 00

Other resources.

Registered and guaranteed bonds of the West Shore Railroad

Co., part of legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins (par value) ________ 42, 000. 00 PO Gea ee OC tI I aE TOM Ge UTC ae ee ee ea 1, 029, 600. 00

The first installment to the Lucy T. and George W. Poore fund, amounting to $24,534.92, was received in March, 1915, and was im- mediately deposited in the United States Treasury to the credit of the permanent fund. Other deposits to this fund during the year were from the income of several funds amounting to $2,565.08, or a grand total of $27,100, making a total now deposited in the Treasury to the credit of the permanent fund of $987,600.

That part of the fund deposited in the Treasury of the United States bears interest at 6 per cent per annum, under the provisions of the act organizing the Institution and an act of Congress approved March 12, 1894. The rate of interest on the West Shore Railroad bonds is 4 per cent per annum.

The income of the Institution during the year, amounting to $112,035.90, was derived as follows: Interest on the permanent foundation, $59,310; contributions from various sources for specific purposes, $12,000; first installment of a bequest known as the Lucy T. and George W. Poore fund, amounting to $24,534.92; the original bequest designated as the George H. Sanford fund of $1,020; the balance of the William Jones Rhees fund, amounting to $248.05; and from other miscellaneous sources, $14,922.93; all of which was de- posited in the Treasury of the United States.

With the balance of $30,560.13 on July 1, 1914, the total resources for the fiscal year amounted to $142,596.03. The disbursements, which are given in detail in the annual report of the executive com- mittee, amounted to $100,430.17, leaving a balance of $42,165.86 on deposit June 30, 1915, in the United States Treasury and in cash.

The Institution was charged by Congress with the disbursement of the following appropriations for the year ending June 30, 1915:

iiemiahional Bicchamses i. ee Ee Ss ae 2s Fd ek et 829 000 PREIS! CEU ey WEUTLO LO LAY 2 eee oie ee ER ee ee ee Be 42, 000 Prats OM My Seed OUSCEV lO yrs nee ome en oye ne an meee ane ABA 13, 000

4 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

National Museum:

Murniture and, fixtures. = Shes hee la Ree ee eee eee es $25, 000 Heating ‘and Lighting xh sitet sss 20 Oe a Eh sae Se es a ate 46, 000 Preservation of collections == 2e— = esha a i ee es eee 300, 000 BROOKS = 2 sew A it eG oe ge 0 TE ee de Ns ete a ye ye 2, 000 POSTAGE: 2 e us ee See ee 500

SES UAT hiner Pa ATS ee I ee ne 10, 000 Bookstacks for Government bureau libraries___________--__-_________ 10, 000 National Zoological Parke 3:42 58) Ie vs 2h eee. ee eee 100, 000 International Catalogue of Scientific Literature_______________________ 7, 500 Tower telescope, Astrophysical Observatory, Mount Wilson, Cal_______ 2, 000 Repairs; Smithson ra es a is eee ee ee eee ae ee ee OT oe 16, 000 Ul Mfc) ore) Lies Mls Uo pe eae UR een Tha a eles OMe Eee oa peed nae 606, 000

In addition to the above specific amounts to be disbursed by the Institution there was included under the general appropriation for public printing and binding an allotment of $76,200, to cover the cost of printing and binding the annual report and other Govern- ment publications issued by the Institution, and to be disbursed by the Public Printer.

EXPLORATIONS AND RESEARCHES.

The “increase of knowledge ” is one of the fundamental objects of the Smithsonian Institution, and toward the accomplishment of that object it has imaugurated and maintained or has participated in astronomical, anthropological, biological, and geological explora- tions in every portion of the world, resulting in greatly increasing our knowledge of the meteorology, the geography, the fauna and flora, and the ethnology of all lands, and in the acquisition of a large amount of valuable material for the National Museum. The Insti- tution has likewise, through special grants, aided laboratory re- searches in practically every line of natural science.. The extent of these explorations and researches during the last 60 years covers a wide range, although a great deal more of most important work could have been accomplished had adequate funds been available. Friends of the Institution have many times, and particularly during the last few years, generously aided the work through the contribu- tion of funds for specific purposes, but much yet remains undone, and opportunities for undertaking important lines of investigation are constantly being lost through lack of means to carry them into execution.

I will here allude only briefly to some of the activities of the Insti- tution in these directions during the year and for details of other investigations may refer to the appendices containing the reports of those directly in charge of the several branches of the Institution.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 5 GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS.

In continuation of my previous geological researches in the Rocky Mountains of Canada and Montana I spent a week during the field season of 1914 at Glacier, British Columbia, where I assisted Mrs. Walcott (née Mary M. Vaux) in measuring the flow of the Ilecille- waet and Asulkan Glaciers.

From Glacier we proceeded to White Sulphur Springs, Mont., for the purpose of studying the ancient sedimentary pre-Paleozoic rocks of the Big Belt Mountains. These explorations were made on the eastern and southern slopes of this range, and then extended to the south on the Gallatin, Madison, and Jefferson Rivers.

It was found that the pre-Paleozoic sedimentary rocks were ex- posed by the uplift of the granite mass forming the summit of Mount Edith of the Big Belt Mountains in such a way that the thickness of the sandstones, limestones, and shales could be readily measured in the numerous sections exposed in the canyons worn by waters descending from the higher points to the valley surrounding the range. Nearly 5 miles in thickness of rock were measured, and in the limestone belts reefs of fossil algal remains were studied and large collections made with the assistance of Mrs. Walcott and Charles E. Resser and sent on to Washington.

It was found that the algal remains were deposited very much in the same manner as those that are now being deposited in many fresh-water lakes, and that many of the forms had a surprising simi- larity to those being deposited in the thermal springs and pools of the Yellowstone National Park.

In the lower portion of Deep Creek Canyon, southeast of the city of Helena, a deposit of siliceous shale was examined where some years ago I had discovered the remains of crablike animals suggest- ing in form the fresh-water crayfishes found in the streams and ponds all over the world. These fossils are the oldest animal remains now known, and the algal deposits which occur at intervals for several thousand feet below the shales containing the crustaceans are the oldest authentic vegetable remains. It is also most interesting that two types of bacteria have been found in a fossil state in the rock in association with the algal remains.

On the north side of the Gallatin River two very rich beds of algal remains were found, many of which, on account of the fossil being silicified and embedded in a softer limestone, were weathered out in relief.

For the season of 1915 I have planned some investigations in the Yellowstone Park in order to be able to better interpret the fossil algal remains found in and about the Big Belt Mountains.

6 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915. STRATIGRAPHIC STUDIES IN CENTRAL TENNESSEE.

Under the joint auspices of the United States Geological Survey and the United States National Museum Dr. E. O. Ulrich and Dr. 'R. S. Bassler, of the Museum, were engaged for several weeks dur- ing the summer of 1914 in a study of debated points in the stratig- raphy of the Central Basin of Tennessee with a view to determine accurately the division line between the Chazyan and Black River groups and to secure additional information on the black shale problem. ;

The well-known marble beds of east Tennessee and associated shales and sandstones of Upper Chazyan age, with a thickness of over 8,000 feet, have never been found in central Tennessee or, in fact, in any area west of the Appalachian Valley. The first problem was therefore to determine either the corresponding rocks in the more western areas or, if such strata were wanting, to discover the unconformity representing this great thickness. It was found that the Lower Chazyan or Stones River rocks of central Tennessee are succeeded directly by the lowest Black River or Lowville formation, and central Tennessee therefore was presumably a land area during the time of deposition of the celebrated east Tennessee marbles.

The second problem entailed further work on the determination of the age of the widespread Chattanooga black shale, which previously had been considered to be middle to late Devonian. In recent years this determination had been questioned, and facts had accumulated showing it to be of younger age. Two features of considerable sig- nificance in this problem were the discoveries in northern Tennessee, where the shale is well exposed, that (1) this black shale passes with- out a discernible break into the overlying Mississippian (Kinder- hook) shales, and (2) that the fossils of this overlying shale are of late instead of early Kinderhook age. As a result of this work good collections of several well-preserved faunas were added to the Mu- seum collection.

FOSSIL ECHINODERMS IN WESTERN NEW YORK,

Field work carried on during the summer of 1914 under the super- vision of Mr. Frank Springer, for the purpose of adding to the Springer collection of fossil echinoderms in the Museum, was devoted mainly to a careful examination of Silurian rocks exposed along the new Erie Canal in western New York, especially the waste material thrown out in excavations for the canal. The most valuable speci- mens from this part of New York occur in the Rochester shales of Niagaran age, which weather rapidly into mud upon exposure to the elements, and it was therefore necessary that the new outcrops be examined at once to secure the best results. Numerous specimens

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 7

of crinoids and cystids were found, a number of them having, as is rarely the case, root, stem, and crown preserved.

VERTEBRATE FOSSILS IN MONTANA.

Through cooperation with one of the field parties of the United States Geological Survey, Mr. Charles W. Gilmore, of the National Museum, spent three weeks during the summer of 1914 searching for fossil vertebrate remains in the Judith River formation in north central Montana. The most noteworthy discovery was the fragmen- tary remains of a fossil bird related to Hesperornis. It came from practically the same locality as the type of Coniornis altus Marsh, and is of importance as showing these bird remains as occurring in, the upper part of the Claggett formation, whereas heretofore it was thought that Coniornis had come from the lower part of the Judith River formation.

CORAL INVESTIGATIONS.

Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan has for some time been engaged under the auspices of the Carnegie Institution in a study of the growth of corals, their role in reef building, and related problems. His field of investigation has been chiefly the coast of Florida, the Bahamas, and other regions of the West Indies. Large collections made by him in those localities have been received by the Museum.

BORNEO AND CELEBES EXPEDITIONS.

Through the generosity of Dr. W. L. Abbott, who for so many years has been a most generous contributor to the zoological and ethnological collections of the Museum, Mr. H. C. Raven conducted a collecting expedition in Borneo for a period of about two years. His work there was completed in September, 1914, having yielded about 3,000 interesting specimens of mammals and birds. Mr. Raven next crossed the Macassar Strait to the Island of Celebes, where he expects to remain for a considerable period and to secure impor- tant collections from a region heretofore poorly represented in the National Museum.

EXPEDITIONS TO THE FAR EAST.

Through the liberality of a gentleman who desired to remain un- known, Mr. Arthur de C. Sowerby has continued his zoological ex- plorations in Manchuria and northeastern China and has forwarded a valuable collection of insects and vertebrates, including two wapiti bucks, a roe deer, two bears, and a peculiar rabbit.

Mr. Copley Amory, jr., a collaborator of the National Museum, joined a party accompanying Capt. J. Koren to the northeast coast

8 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

of Siberia. It was Mr. Amory’s intention to explore such territory as may be practicable from Nijni Kolymsk as a winter base, giving special attention to mammals and birds. When last heard from he had made a trip up the Lesser Ammi River, where he obtained a good number of fossil specimens, also some birds and small mammals.

BIRD STUDIES IN ILLINOIS.

Incidental to continued work on preparation of manuscript of the unpublished volumes of “Birds of North and Middle America” (Bulletin 50, U. S. National Museum), Mr. Rebert Ridgway, during the past year, made a careful study of bird life in southern Illinois in order to compare present conditions with those existing half a century ago. It was found that with few exceptions the native birds are greatly decreased in numbers. At least three species (the pas- senger pigeon, wild turkey, and ruffed grouse) have totally disap- peared from the region examined, while several others are on the verge of extermination. A few species, such as the crow blackbird (bronzed grackle) and blue jay, and perhaps the robin, are, appar- ently, as numerous as they were 50 years ago.

The principal causes which have brought about this greatly dimin- ished bird life are: (1) In the case of the game birds, relentless shooting; (2) greatly reduced breeding and shelter areas, through clearing of forests, cutting away of woody growths along roadsides and fence lines, and drainage of swampy or marshy areas; (3) intro- duction of the European house sparrow, which has increased to such an extent that it now outnumbers, even on the farms, all the smaller native birds combined, greatly reducing their food supply and mo- nopolizing the nesting sites of such species as the bluebird, purple martin, wrens, swallows, and other birds that nest in cavities or about buildings; (4) invasion of the woods and fields by homeless house cats and destruction of eggs and young (often the parents also) of ground-nesting species by “self-hunting” bird dogs (setters and pointers) ; and, probably, (5) spraying of orchards.

HENDERSON EXPEDITION IN CUBA.

Since the Zomas Barrera expedition to western Cuba, Mr. John B. Henderson, a regent of the Smithsonian Institution, has made two trips to eastern Cuba to supplement the work of that expedition.

One of these visits was to Cardenas Bay, where extensive, as well as intensive, dredgings yielded a lot of interesting marine organisms. The second trip embraced Cubitas Mountains, and was made in quest of land shells, which were needed to elucidate problems in the geo- graphic distribution of the land mollusks.

As heretofore, Mr. Henderson’s yacht, the Wolis, has been kept busy exploring the Pourtales Plateau. Numerous hauls in all depths

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 9

of water have been made, and the material, which has arrived here from time to time, is exceedingly rich in marine invertebrates, par- ticularly mollusks. }

This year’s efforts have resulted in the discovery of grounds with a more prolific, varied, and interesting fauna than previously known in this region.

BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA.

Through cooperation with the Carnegie Institution of Washington the Museum was enabled to benefit by an expedition carried on by Dr. J. N. Rose during the summer and fall of 1914 along the west coast of South America in furtherance of his work on the Cactacee. About 3,000 specimens of cacti and other plants collected by him have been permanently deposited in the National Herbarium.

Dr. Rose explored a section through central Peru from Callao to Oroya, from sea level to the top of the Andes, at an altitude of 15,665 feet. Cacti were found in the greatest abundance at an altitude of 5,000 to 7,500 feet; but the various species range from a few feet above sea level to as high as 12,000 to 14,000 feet.

A second section was made across southern Peru, from Mollendo to Lake Titicaca via Arequipa. The highest point reached was 14,665 feet. Here also the cacti are found from near sea level nearly to the top of the Andes; but the most remarkable display is on the hills surrounding Arequipa, at an altitude of from 7,000 to 8,500 feet. While the cacti are abundant in both these regions, they are, with only a few possible exceptions, quite distinct. Side trips were made from Arequipa to Juliaca and Cuzco, in Peru, and to La Paz, Oruro, and Comanche, in Bolivia.

On the pampa below Arequipa are found the famous crescent-shaped sand dunes. Hach dune or pile of sand is distinct in itself, often separated some dis- tance from any other dune, and occurring, too, on rocky ground devoid of other sand. The dunes are found on the high mesa some 5,250 feet above the sea. They form definite regular piles of sand, each presenting a front 10 to 100 feet wide and 5 to 20 feet high, nearly perpendicular, crescent shaped, amd from the crescent-shaped ridge tapering back to the surface in the direction from which the wind blows. These piles of shifting sand go forward about 40 feet a year.

In Chile two sections were made into the interior—one from Antofagasta to Calama, and one from Valparaiso to Santiago. The first is through the rainless deserts of northern Chile, the whole region being practically devoid of all vege- tation. The second is across central Chile, the hills and valleys of which are veritable flower gardens, the hills often being a mass of yellow. Various trips were made in the central valley of Chile and one journey along the Longitudinal Railway of Chile extended from Caldera to Santiago. Special trips were made for certain rare ptants like Cereus castaneus, first collected in 1862 and not since observed until found by Dr. Rose; and Cactus horridus and Cactus Berteri, de- scribed in 1833, but long since discarded by cactus students. In the central valley of Ghile is seen that beautiful palm, the only one native of Chile, Jubaea ' spectabilis H. B. K., which often forms forests of considerable extent. From this palm is made the “ Miel de Palma” so much used as a sirup on ships and at hotels.

Botanical explorations by Dr. Rose on the east coast of South America were in progress at the close of the fiscal year.

10 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915. ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN AFRICA AND SIBERIA.

In connection with the work of the division of physical anthropol- ogy in the National Museum, two expeditions were sent out during the year 1914 under the joint auspices of the Smithsonian Institution and the Panama-California Exposition at San Diego.

One of these expeditions was in charge of Dr. V. Schiick, anthro- pologist of Prague, Bohemia, and its objects were: 1, to study the negro child in its native environment, and thereby create a basis of comparison for the study of the negro child in our country; 2, to visit the South African Bushmen for the purpose of obtaining meas- ~ urements, photographs, and facial casts of the same; and 3, to visit British East Africa in search of the Pygmies. The tribe chosen for the child study were the Zulu, of Natal or Zululand, and over 1,000 children and adolescents of all ages—ages which could be definitely determined—were examined. These data are expected to contribute some very important results to anthropology. The Bushmen were reached in the Kalahari Desert, and besides other results 20 first-class facial casts were obtained of the people, which have since then been installed among the anthropological exhibits at San Diego. As to British East Africa, the work soon after a successful beginning was interrupted by the war.

The second expedition was in charge of Dr. St. Poniatowski, head of the ethnological laboratory at Warsaw. The object of this expedi- tion was to visit a number of the remnants of native tribes in eastern Siberia, among which are found physical types which so closely resemble the American Indian. The expedition reached two such tribes, and secured valuable data, photographs, ete., when its work also was interrupted by the war.

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN.

Some of the results of exploration and field work by the Institution among various races of mankind are shown in connection with the anthropological exhibits of the Panama-California Exposition at San Diego. These exhibits were in preparation for over three years. They are original and much more comprehensive than any previous exhibits in this line, either in this country or abroad. Dr. Hrdlicka, under whose direction this exhibit was prepared, describes it as fol- lows:

The exhibits fill five large connecting rooms, which occupy the building of the Science of Man at the Exposition. Four of these rooms are devoted to the - natural history of man, while the fifth is fitted up as a modern anthropological laboratory, library, and lecture room. Of the four rooms of exhibits proper, the first is devoted to man’s phylogeny, or evolution; the second, to his ontog-

eny, or life cycle at the present time; the third, to his variation (sexual, indi- vidual, racial) ; and the fourth, to his pathology and death.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 11

The exhibits in room 1, on Human Evolution, consist of: (a) A large series of accurate, first-class casts of all the more important skeletal remains of au- thentie antiquity; (b) photographic enlargements and water color sketches showing the localities where the specimens were discovered; (c) charts show- ing the relation of the archeological position of the various finds, and their relation to the extinct fauna and to archeological epochs; (d) a series of sketches by various scientific men showing their conception of the early man, with several illustrations of drawings, statuettes, and bas-reliefs, showing early man as drawn or sculptured by the ancient man himself; and (e) a remarkable series of 10 large busts prepared by the eminent Belgian sculptor, M. Mascré, under the direction of Prof. Rutot, representing early man at different periods of his physical advancement.

The main part of the exhibits in room No. 2, devoted to man’s development at the present time, from the ovum onward, are three series of true-to-nature busts, showing by definite age-stages, from birth onward and in both sexes, the three principal races of this country, namely, the “ thoroughbred ” white Ameri- ean (for at least three generations in this continent on each parental side), the Indian, and the full-blood American negro. These series, which required two and one-half years of strenuous preparation, form a unique exhibit, for nothing of similar nature has ever been attempted in this cr any other country. Each set consists of 80 busts, 15 males and 15 females, and proceeds from infants at or within a few days after birth to the oldest persons that could be found. The oldest negro woman is 114. After the new born, the stages are 9 months, 3 years, 6, 10, 15, 20, 28, 35, 45, 55, 65, and 75 years. The utmost care was exer- cised in ascertaining the age, particularly among the negro and Indian. No choice was made of the subjects beyond that due to the requirements of pedi- gree, age, and good health. The whites and negroes were obtained, with a few exceptions, in Washington and vicinity, but their places of birth range over a large part of the Eastern, Southern, and Middle States; for the Indian, we chose the Sioux, a large, characteristic, and in a very large measure still pure- blood tribe, and one in which the determination of the ages of the subjects was feasible. Special trips were made to these people, and no pains were spared to get just what was wanted; in the case of the new born, it was actually neces- sary to wait until they came.

Other exhibits in room 2 show the development, by various stages, of the human brain, the skull, and various other parts of the body. A large series of original specimens show the most closely related animal forms to man at the present time, particularly the anthropoid apes; a series of charts on the walls deal with the phenomena of senility; finally, 10 photographic enlargements show living centenarians of various races.

Human variation is shown in room 8 by 10 sets of large busts representing 10 of the more important races of man; by 200 original transparencies giving racial portraits; by over 100 bronzed facial. casts, showing individual vari- ations within some of the more important branches of humanity ; and by numer- ous charts and other exhibits.

in room 4 a series of charts and maps relates to the death rate in various countries, to the principal causes of death in the different parts of the world, and to the distribution of the more common diseases over the earth. Actual pathology is illustrated extensively by prehistoric American material. Many hundreds of original specimens, derived principally from the pre-Columbian cemeteries of Peru, show an extensive range of injuries and diseases, such as have left their marks on the bones. In many instances the injuries are very interesting, both from their extent and the extraordinary powers of recupera-

12 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

tion shown in the healing; while among the diseases shown on the bones there are some that find no, or but little, parallel among the white man or even the Indian of to-day. In addition this room contains a series of 60 skulls with pre-Columbian operations (trepanation).

ISLAND OF TIMOR EXPEDITION.

Among the projected expeditions interrupted by the European war was one to the Island of Timor, in the East Indies. This island has been a rich collecting ground for scientific study, though little has been done by the paleontologist. An opportunity was offered for making collections at Timor through the courtesy and interest of Mr. N. E. Crane, a retired engineer, of Pittsburgh, who had planned to visit the island. The fund for this enterprise was contributed by Mr. Crane, Mrs. E. H. Harriman, and Mr. Frank Springer, but the expedition has been postponed for the present.

CLEARING OF FOG BY ELECTRICAL PRECIPITATION.

The fact was long ago scientifically established that all dust and fog particles in the open atmosphere are electrified and subject to dispersion or precipitation, but how to clear fog from a street, along a railway, or from the neighborhood of a ship at sea, and to do it in a manner commercially feasible has been a matter of serious study for many years. The question having recently aroused fresh atten- tion, particularly in the neighborhood of San Francisco, through re- searches planned by the University of California in cooperation with the United States Lighthouse Service, it was decided by the Smith- sonian Institution during the past year to make an appropriation to further this investigation, which is under the general direction of Dr. F. G. Cottrell, who has done so much toward the practical pre- cipitation of dust, smoke, and chemical fumes at large industrial plants. The American Institute of Electrical Engineers has also appointed a committee to cooperate in this great work, and reports on the results of the study are awaited with much interest. The essential element to success in scattering fog seems to be some form of electrical apparatus of very high direct voltage, with facilities for its control and ready application.

RESEARCH CORPORATION.

In previous reports I have called attention to the Research Cor- poration formed primarily to undertake the development of certain precipitation patents generously offered to the Institution by Dr. F. G. Cottrell. Although it was impracticable for the Smithsonian Institution to administer this work directly, yet there was no objec- tion to the Secretary becoming a member of a distinct organization

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 13

that would undertake its development. An independent organiza- tion was accordingly formed in 1912 under the laws of the State of New York, the Secretary of the Institution becoming one of the directors of the Research Corporation and a member of the executive committee. The board of directors includes a number of prominent men of wide business experience, such as James J. Storrow, of Lee, Higginson & Co., Boston; Charles A. Stone, of Stone & Webster, Boston; Arthur D. Little, of the Little Chemical Co., Boston; T. Coleman du Pont, of Wilmington, Del.; Elon H. Hooker, president of the Hooker Electrochemical Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y.; Benjamin B. Lawrence, mining engineer, New York; George F. Kunz, of Tif- fany & Co.; Frederick A. Goetze, dean of the engineering depart- ment of Columbia University, New York; William Barclay Par- sons, engineer, of New York; and Hennen Jennings, mining engi- neer, of Washington.

The principal object of the corporation is to acquire inventions and patents and to make them more available in the arts and indus- tries, while using them as a source of income, and, second, to apply all profiits derived from such use to the advancement of technical and scientific investigation and experimentation through the agency of the Smithsonian Institution and such other scientific and educa- tional institutions and societies as may be selected by the directors.

The chief assets of the corporation at present are the Cottrell pat- ents relating to the precipitation of dust, smoke, and chemical fumes by the use of electrical currents. Dr. F. G. Cottrell, the inventor and donor of these patents, has described their operation and advan- tages and the progress thus far made in their installation in an article printed in the Smithsonian Report for 1913.

There is now under consideration the acceptance and develop- ment of other patents besides those presented by Dr. Cottrell. It is planned that when the funds of the corporation received from royalties and other sources shall have reached $100,000, to apply the income “to the advancement of technical and scientific investigation and experimentation ” as provided by the act of incorporation.

Owing to the wide experience of the members of the board and their standing in the business community, it has been possible to do work in connection with the Research Corporation that would have required the expenditure of large sums if undertaken by an ordinary business organization or private individual.

HARRIMAN TRUST FUND.

Aided by the income of a special fund established by Mrs. E. H. Harriman, Dr. C. Hart Merriam, research associate of the Institu- tion, has continued and practically completed his studies of the big bears of America, so that it is now possible to determine the relations

14 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

of most of the species and to arrange them in definite groups. Of the true grizzlies there appear to be about 38 species and subspecies representing a dozen groups, and of the brown bears about 10 species, representing 5 groups. Opportunity will now be afforded for study in other fields of biological research.

THE LANGLEY AERODYNAMICAL LABORATORY.

The Langley Aerodynamical Laboratory was reopened under reso- lution of the Board of Regents adopted May 1, 1918, and on May 23 an advisory committee was organized, as detailed in my report for that year. In my last report I reviewed what had been accomplished up to June 30, 1914, in certain lines of investigation, including the successful flights of the Langley aeroplane built in 1898-1903, and further trials of that machine were described by Dr. A. F. Zahm in an article in the general appendix of the Smithsonian Report for 1914.

During the past year it was found necessary for legal reasons to discontinue the advisory committee as originally organized, and it therefore seemed advisable to call upon Congress to authorize the establishment of a national advisory committee for aeronautics.

Following an urgent appeal by myself and others to the Senate Committee on Naval Affairs, there was inserted in the naval appro- priation act (Public, No. 271, 63d Cong.) approved March 3, 1915, the

following provision for a national advisory committee for aeronautics. oS oy * * * * *

An Advisory Committee for Aeronautics is hereby established, and the Presi- dent is authorized to appoint not to exceed twelve members, to consist of two members from the War Department, from the office in charge of military aero- nauties; two members from the Navy Department, from the office in charge of naval aeronautics; a representative each of the Smithsonian Institution, of the United States Weather Bureau, and of the United States Bureau of Stand- ards; together with not more than five additional persons who shall be ac- quainted with the needs of aeronautical science, either civil or military, or skilled in aeronautical engineering or its allied sciences: Provided, That the members of the Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, as such, shall serve with- out compensation: Provided further, That it shall be the duty of the Advisory Committee for Aeronautics to supervise and direct the scientific study of the problems of flight, with a view to their practical solution, and to determine the problems which should be experimentally attacked, and to discuss their solu- tion and their application to practical questions. In the event of a laboratory or laboratories, either in whole or in part, being placed under the direction of the committee, the committee may direct and conduct research and experiment in aeronauties in such laboratory or laboratories: And provided further, That rules and regulations for the conduct of the work of the committee shall be formulated by the committee and approved by the President.

That the sum of $5,000 a year, or so much thereof as may be necessary, for five years is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not other- wise appropriated, to be immediately available, for experimental work and in- vestigations undertaken by the committee, clerical expenses and supplies, and

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 15

necessary expenses of members of the committee in going to, returning from, and while attending, meetings of the committee: Provided, That an annual report to the Congress shall be submitted through the President, including an itemized statement of expenditures.

On July 27, 1914, the Institution published a report by Dr. Zahm on European aeronautical laboratories, in which he describes the buildings, equipment, and operations of laboratories in England, France, and Germany.

Although, as above stated, it was not practical to continue the advisory committee of 1913 as originally planned, nevertheless the individual members of the committee have been active in their in- vestigations, and several valuable reports have been received, some of which are as yet confidential or incomplete, one of those being a report on wireless communications to and from air craft.

Mr. Buckingham completed and published a masterly paper on the mathematical principle governing the relations of experimental mod- els of all sorts to those of full-scale machines. Dr. Humphreys pub- lished a long paper on the Physics of the Atmosphere. Dr. Zahm helped to design for the United States Army a 200-horsepower bi- plane, and published a mathematical method of analyzing the stresses sustained by such an aeroplane during flight.

At the annual meeting of the Regents on December 10, 1914, Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, Senator William J. Stone, Representative Ernest W. Roberts, Mr. John B. Henderson, jr., and Secretary Wal- cott were appointed a committee to consider questions relative to the Langley Aerodynamical Laboratory.

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the Smithsonian Institution and its branches during the year comprised a total of 6,753 printed pages, accom- panied by 655 plates of illustrations, and the number of copies dis- tributed of these various publications, both pamphlets and bound volumes, aggregated 132,010.

The Institution has for one of its primary objects the “ diffusion of knowledge,” and this aim is carried out by printing and distribu- ting the results of scientific investigations, accounts of explorations and researches, of progress in the various branches of science, and of development in any phase of human endeavor which would tend to increase “knowledge among men.” Of its three series of publica- tions, the Contributions to Knowledge, Miscellaneous Collections, and the annual reports, the first two are issued in limited editions at the expense of the Institution and are sent out to libraries, institu- tions, and interested individuals throughout the world. The annual reports, containing in addition to the administrative reports a gen- eral appendix of original and selected papers showing the recent progress made in all branches of natural and applied science, are

16 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

printed under congressional appropriation, so that a larger edition and more widespread distribution is possible.

Under the direction of the Institution are issued the various pub- lications of its branches, (a) the Annual Report, the Proceedings, and the Bulletins of the National Museum, including the series of Con- tributions from the National Herbarium; () the Annual Reports and Bulletins of the Bureau of American Ethnology; and (c) the Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory. These series are all public documents and are printed by means of annual allotments by act of Congress.

Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge—The requirements for memoirs in this series are that they be accounts of extended original research constituting important additions to knowledge. Since the first appearance of this series in 1848, 35 quarto volumes containing 150 memoirs have been issued, the most recent one being the “ Lang- ley Memoir on Mechanical Flight,” in which are recorded the results of the late Secretary Langley’s experiments establishing the practica- bility of heavier-than-air flying machines.

Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections —Fourteen papers forming parts of four volumes of this series were issued during the year, among them one paper on Cambrian geology by your Secretary. Another interesting paper was that by Messrs. Abbot, Fowle, and Aldrich recording new solar radiation researches, in the course of which free balloons carrying recording apparatus, ascended to a height of over 15 miles and were found on their descent with the records in good condition. As a result of these and other experi- ments, the authors abide by their former results, namely, that “the mean. value of the ‘solar constant’ is 1.93 calories per square centi- meter per minute.” In this series, the sixth revised edition of the Smithsonian Physical Tables was issued, and was practically ex- hausted at the close of the year, showing the continued popularity and usefulness of this work. The publication of a further edition was being considered at the close of the year. The usual annual account of the Institution’s explorations and field work was issued, and being profusely illustrated, was of considerable popular interest.

Smithsonian report—tThe report for 1918 was received from the printer and distributed during the year. Separates of the articles forming the general appendix of the 1914 report were issued, the completed volume, however, not being received from the printer until shortly after the close of the fiscal year. Incorporated in the con- eressional act providing for printing for the Institution and its branches was a clause increasing the edition of the Smithsonian annual reports from 7,000 to 10,000, a very desirable change, as the edition of this volume has heretofore been exhausted almost imme- diately following its appearance.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. ‘ 17

Special publications—Of the opinions rendered by the Interna- tional Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, which the Institu- tion has published for some years past, Opinion 66 was issued, and the Institution has continued to provide clerical services in connec- tion with the office of the secretary of the commission.

Among other special publications was a short biographical sketch of James Smithson, abridged from the chapter on Smithson by S. P. Langley in the history of the first half century of the Institution.

National Museum publications—The National Museum issued an annual report, 1 volume of the Proceedings and 41 separate papers forming parts of this and other volumes, 6 bulletins, and 1 volume of Contributions from the National Herbarium.

Bureau of Ethnology publications—The Bureau of American Ethnology published two bulletins and three miscellaneous publica- tions. Among the latter was a circular of information regarding Indian popular names, to be distributed in response to the numerous letters requesting information of this kind. Four annual reports and five bulletins were in press at the close of the year.

Reports of historical and patriotic societies—The annual reports of the American Historical Association and the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution were submitted to the Institution and transmitted to Congress in accordance with the charters of these organizations.

Allotments for printing—The allotments to the Institution and its branches under the head of “ Public printing and binding” were utilized as far as practicable, although there was a large amount of material which the Public Printer was unable to complete, and this will therefore become a charge against the 1916 allotment.

The allotments for the year ending June 30, 1916, are as follows: For the Smithsonian Institution: For printing and binding the annual

reports of the Board of Regents, with general appendices, the edi-

tions of which shall not exceed 10,000 copies_____...._.__._______ $10, 000 For the annual reports of the National Museum, with general appen-

dices, and for printing labels and blanks, and for the Bulletins and

Proceedings of the National Museum, the editions of which shall not

exceed 4,000 copies, and binding, in half morocco or material not more expensive, scientific books, and pamphlets presented to or acquired

Bi DytherNationalvMiusecumclibraty.£< 22 te. eo A ee a 37, 500

For the annual reports and Bulletins of the Bureau of American Eth- nology and for miscellaneous printing and binding for the bureau____ 21, 000

For miscellaneous printing and binding:

ECL MALO Ma Lg HG Ma SCs ee ae pe eee Sp 200 International Catalogue of Scientific Literature____.__ ~ 100 Neon al AOOlOZI Cale a racemes Lehn At een wee Bae Po some 200 Astrophysical! Observatory_t0 2 ti J BLECW i Gd EY bh fee 200 Yor the annual report of the American Historical Association________ 7, 000 "RCO EET ee Sa se GP I a eee) ba 76, 200

18618°—sM 1915

18 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

Committee on printing and publication—All manuscripts sub- mitted for publication by the Institution or its branches have, as usual, been examined and passed upon by the Smithsonian advisory com- mittee on printing and publication. The committee has also con- sidered various general matters concerning printing and binding. During the year 18 meetings were held and 109 manuscripts acted upon. The personnel of the committee was as follows: Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, head curator of biology, National Museum, acting chair- man; Dr. C. G. Abbot, director of the Astrophysical Observatory ; Dr. Frank Baker, superintendent of the National Zoological Park; Mr. A. Howard Clark, editor of the Smithsonian Institution, secre- tary of the committee; Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist-in-charge of the Bureau of American Ethnology; and Dr. George P. Merrill, head curator of geology, United States National Museum.

THE SMITHSONIAN LIBRARY.

The formation of a library of science was one of the earliest activities of the Smithsonian Institution and its natural growth during the last 60 or more years has resulted in the accumulation of nearly half a million works bearing on practically every branch of natural science, the fine arts, and the industrial arts. For adminis- trative reasons a large portion of the library, consisting in the main of transactions of learned societies, was in 1866 deposited in the Library of Congress. This deposit is constantly being increased, the accessions during the past year numbering 24,713 items of publica- tions and making the total number of entries to June 30, 1915, 521,616.

The several libraries still directly maintained by the Institution and its branches include the Smithsonian office library; the libraries of the National Museum, comprising over 100,000 titles; the Bureau of American Ethnology, about 35,000 titles; the Astrophysical Ob- servatory; the National Herbarium; and in addition to these should be mentioned the more recently formed aeronautical library, which contains probably the most complete series of works on this sub- ject in the United States. One of the chief contributors to this library during the year was Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, whose gift included a working library of 46 volumes and 156 volumes of newspaper clippings covering the recent years of rapid development of the art of aeronautics.

Among other accessions to the art section of the library during the year I may mention the loan by Mrs. Walcott of nine volumes of Japanese art and about 400 volumes of architectural publications which formed the library of her brother, Mr. George Vaux, of Philadelphia.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 19

The report of the assistant librarian, appended hereto, describes the improvements recently made by the construction of steel stacks in the Smithsonian building for assembling in accessible quarters many general works belonging to the Government bureaus under the Institution which had heretofore been widely scattered in unsuitable rooms.

LUCY T. AND GEORGE W. POORE FUND.

In my last report I referred to a number of bequests then awaiting settlement. One of these was the bequest of George W. Poore, of Lowell, Mass., who died December 17, 1910, and by the terms of his will made the Smithsonian Institution his residuary legatee. As mentioned in my 1910 report, the estate, estimated at about $40,000, is bequeathed under the condition that the income of this sum should be added to the principal until a total of $250,000 should have been reached, and that then the income only should be used for the purposes for which the Institution was created. Although I have heretofore called attention to Mr. Poore’s reason for making this bequest, it is so apt and appropriate that I will repeat it here. The will says:

I make this gift not so much because of its amount as because I hope it will prove an example for other Americans to follow, by supporting and encouraging so wise and beneficent an institution as I believe the Smithsonian Institution to be, and yet it has been neglected and overlooked by American citizens.

In March, 1915, the Institution received from the executors of the Poore estate the first installment of the bequest, amounting to $24,534.92, as noted under the head of finances. It will be known as the Lucy T. and George W. Poore fund.

THE FREER COLLECTION.

In 1906 Mr. Charles L. Freer, of Detroit, Mich., presented to the Institution about 2,300 paintings and other objects of art, and from time to time since then he has supplemented that gift by further generous donations until this wonderful collection now aggregates 4,811 pieces, including 991 paintings, engravings, lithographs, etc., by American artists, and 3,820 oriental works of art, many of them of high historic and intrinsic value. It was stipulated by Mr. Freer in connection with the gift that the collection should remain in his custody during his lifetime, and that he would provide funds for the erection of a suitable building for the permanent preservation of the collection. He is now considering the question of erecting such a building and a committee of the Regents has been appointed “on the securing of a site for the Freer Art Gallery.”

20 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The report of the Assistant Secretary in charge of the National Museum, hereto appended, indicates most gratifying progress in all lines of Museum activities. To the collections there have been many large and most valuable additions, and installation of exhibits, par- ticularly in the new or natural history building, has been greatly ad- vanced and improved.

More than 300,000 specimens were accessioned during the year, over two-thirds of which pertained to paleontology and zoology, one-sixth to botany, and the remainder to anthropology, geology, mineralogy, textiles, and to other divisions of the Museum.

The ethnological exhibits were enriched by a large series of old Japanese art assembled some 30 years ago by the late J. Crawford Lyon; baskets, musical instruments, and other objects from Dutch Borneo, presented by Dr. W. L. Abbott; also many interesting ar- ticles pertaining to the American Indians. In American archeology the principal accession was a series of implements and other objects . of stone, metal, and terra cotta from various parts of the United States and Mexico, secured through cooperation with the management of the San Diego Exposition. Dr. Alexander Graham Bell added very greatly to the electrical exhibits by his gift of 280 pieces of experimental phonographic apparatus and several relics relating to the early history of the telephone.

Special mention should also be made of the gift of Mr. Hugo Worch of a large number of pianofortes, illustrating the progress and development of piano making from about 1770 to 1850. The earliest of European pianos in the series dates from about 1770 and of American pianos about 1790. Many interesting accessions per- taining to American history are mentioned by the Assistant Secretary in his report, as also important additions to the zoological, geological, and botanical collections. A most notable contribution of mollusks, consisting of a very large collection of specimens from practically every part of the world, was a gift from Mr. John B. Henderson, a Regent of the Institution.

As in previous years, much material was received from the United States Geological Survey, the Bureau of Fisheries, the Department of Agriculture, and other Government establishments, these accumu- lations from various field researches having served their purpose in the preparation of reports on scientific investigations.

The National Gallery of Art has already outgrown the space allotted to the display of paintings. Each year the additions to the permanent collection of paintings, as well as the loan exhibits, causes more and more embarrassment to those in charge of their installa-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. ait

tion, and the time has now come when serious consideration must be given to securing adequate quarters for these national collections.

I can not pass without mention of the very interesting exhibition of laces, embroideries, and other art textiles, as also the historical cos- tumes, especially those representing the several administrations at the White House since the period of President Washington. I will not attempt to describe any of the gowns recently received, further than to say that they include a lavender silk dress worn by Mrs. Fill- more, one of black moiré worn by Mrs. Pierce at the inauguration of President Pierce in 1853, and a pale green brocade worn by Mrs. Cleveland during President Cleveland’s first administration.

The division of textiles has greatly increased in popular interest through the installation of a series of machines illustrating methods of manufacture as well as exhibits of the raw and finished products.

Likewise, mineral technology is being illustrated by models and products, showing the manufacture of mica plate from material here- tofore thrown away as waste, the preparation of asbestos products, and the manufacture of graphite and its industrial products.

The Museum is participating in the expositions at San Francisco and San Diego, although the very small allotment allowed the Institu- tion and its branches from the appropriation for Government ex- hibits permitted only a comparatively small display at San Fran- cisco. At the San Diego Exposition, however, for which no appro- priation was granted for Government exhibits, it was possible, through cooperation with the exposition management, to prepare an interesting exhibit of physical anthropology and one illustrating American aboriginal industries. The former exhibit, more fully de- scribed on a previous page, is an entirely novel one. It illustrates man’s evolution, his development or growth, his racial, sexual, and individual variations, and the causes, other than normal senility, which result in the decline of the human organism.

For many years it has been possible to aid the schools and colleges of the country in their teaching of natural history through the dis- tribution of duplicate material. During the past year 163 sets of such duplicates, aggregating 14,843 specimens, were thus distributed. And about 8,000 duplicate specimens, nearly three-fifths of which were plants, were utilized in exchanges with other museums and in- stitutions.

The total number of visitors to the older Museum building during the year was 133,202, and to the new building 321,712. The latter aggregate includes 59,577 Sunday visitors to the new building, the older building not being open on that day.

The Museum issued its usual annual report and series of scientific papers, the total distribution for the year aggregating 54,000 volumes and pamphlets.

92 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.

The field work of the Bureau of American Ethnology during the last year resulted in the accumulation of a large amount of im- portant data relating in particular to the early inhabitants of the western and southwestern portions of the United States. There was also brought together a great deal of material bearing on the habits, customs, beliefs, institutions, ceremonies, and languages of vanishing tribes of Indians throughout the country. The report of the ethnolo- gist-in-charge, appended hereto, reviews in detail many lines of sys- tematic research now being conducted by the bureau. Among these I may note interesting explorations in New Mexico and Utah among ancient village sites which appear characteristic of peoples prob- ably of a considerable earlier period than those heretofore known from those regions. Ancient earthenware collected by Dr. Fewkes in such sites in the lower Mimbres Valley in New Mexico bear deco- rations of animals and geometric designs in some measure resembling certain ancient paintings on the walls of caves in France, In south- ern Arizona are some extensive aboriginal ruins awaiting investiga- tion, which bid fair to add much to our knowledge of the early in- habitants of that region.

Among documents preserved in the Santa Ines Mission in Califor- nia there has been brought to light an old manuscript of special in- terest in connection with the study of the former Chumash Indians, and a complete copy of the manuscript has been made for the use of the bureau. .

Special researches have been in progress for some years in the preparation of several series of handbooks relating to American In- dians. One of these series, devoted to Indian languages, is in course of publication, the first volume already having been issued, under the editorship of Dr. Franz Boas. A Handbook of American An- tiquities, the first part of which will soon be ready for the printer, is being prepared by Mr. W. H. Holmes. The “ Handbook of Ameri- can Indians North of Mexico,” published some years ago, has had several reprintings, and the public demand for it still continues. A handbook in course of preparation is devoted to Aboriginal Remains East of the Mississippi.

There had been such doubt and discussion as to the probable age of certain Indian mounds in northeastern Kansas and southeastern Nebraska that it seemed important for a representative of the bureau to make an investigation of the facts in the case. This task was undertaken by Mr. Gerard Fowke. His report indicates that instead of dating back many thousands of years, as some had claimed, “it is safe’ to say that no earthwork, mound, lodge site, or human bones along this part of the Missouri River has been here as long as 10 centuries.”

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 93

The study and analysis of Indian music is a subject to which the bureau has devoted considerable attention during the last few years, and there have already been published two bulletins on Chippewa music, which have attracted much attention in the musical world. There is now in press an extended account of “Teton Sioux Music” with transcriptions of 240 songs and about 100 illustrations; and a paper on the music of the Ute Indians is in preparation.

The collection of manuscripts pertaining to American Indians which has been accumulated by the bureau during the last 80 years now numbers about 1,700 items. Many of these manuscripts have come to be of priceless value, comprising as they do records which it would be impossible now to duplicate. There was added to this collection during the last year a number of interesting records, including a Laguna Indian dictionary, 49 Arapaho and Gros Ventre notebooks, the war record of “Sitting Bull” depicted in 55 pictographs, and a photostat copy of “A Grammar of the Pottewatomy Language.”

The bureau issued two bulletins, and there was in press at the Gov- ernment Printing Office at the close of the year the twenty-ninth, thirtieth, thirty-first, and thirty-second annual reports, and four bulletins. The completion of several of these works is delayed by the European war, the authors in some cases residing in belligerent countries. The distribution of publications aggregated 10,185 vol- umes and pamphlets. There were about 500 books added to the library, which now numbers 20,287 volumes, 13,188 pamphlets, and several thousand unbound periodicals.

ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY.

One of the principal researches by the Astrophysical Observatory during the past year was the continuation of observations as to the intensity of solar radiation at various altitudes, with a view to defi- nitely determine the value of the solar constant of radiation. By means of sounding balloons, to which were attached automatic record- ing pyrheliometers, successful records were secured up to a height of 25,000 meters or about 15 miles, where the barometric pressure is only one twenty-fifth that at sea level. Director Abbot, in his report and in a special publication (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 65, No. 4, June 19, 1915), reviews the observations in solar radia- tion made at various altitudes from sea level up to the highest prac- ticable mountain peak (Mount Whitney), thence in a balloon as high as man could live, thence to a height of 15 miles, and concludes that the solar constant of radiation is 1.93 calories per square centimeter per minute. Dr. Abbot discusses also the interesting fact that con- siderable fluctuations of the “solar-constant ” values occur from day to day ranging over nearly 10 per cent between the extreme limits,

24 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

1.81 and 1.99 calories. In 1913 the radiation of the sun was 2.5 per cent below the mean, and 1 per cent above the mean in 1914. A high average value is said to be indicated for 1915. In concluding his re- port for the year Dr. Abbot says:

Short-period fluctuations of solar radiation were large in 19138, but small in 1914. Associated with these quick, irregular fluctuations are found variations of contrast of brightness between the center and edges of the solar disk. Curi- ously enough, while greater contrast is associated with greater radiation and with numerous sun spots in the general march of the sun’s activity, lesser con- trast is associated with greater solar radiation in the march of the quick, irregu- lar fluctuations of the sun’s emission. This paradox points to two causes of solar radiation—the long period changes may probably be caused by changes of the sun’s effective temperature attending the march of solar activity; the quick fluctuations may be ascribed to changes of the transparency of the outer solar envelope.

INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES.

The operations of the International Exchange Service have been necessarily curtailed for some months because of the European war. The total number of packages handled during the year was 275,756, or 65,911 less than the year before, and their weight was 367,854 pounds, a decrease of 199,131 pounds. There has accumulated, more- over, a large number of packages awaiting opportunity of shipment, particularly to Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Montenegro, Roumania, Russia, Servia, and Turkey, which were en- tirely shut out of the service at the close of the year, although cor- respondence is in progress to secure renewal of shipment with some of those countries.

One of the important functions of this service is the interchange of official Government documents with various countries, resulting in the building up of a most important division of the Library of Congress. During the past year there was received in this connection from the Chinese Government a set of the Imperial Institute of the Ching Dynasty and other valuable records aggregating 684 volumes.

Fifty-six full sets and 36 partial sets of United States official publi- cations are now sent regularly to depositories abroad, in accordance with treaty stipulations and congressional resolutions. A list of these depositories and detailed statistics of the service are given in the appendix to this report.

INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE.

The Smithsonian Institution has administered the United States Bureau of the International Catalogue since its organization in 1901. There are 33 of these regional bureaus located in the principal coun-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 25

tries with a central bureau in London, where reference cards are as- sembled and published annually in 17 volumes covering each branch of science. During the past year there were collected and classified in the Smithsonian office and sent to London 12,386 cards of reference to the scientific literature of the United States for the year 1914, be- sides 14,027 references for the years 1906 to 1913, or an aggregate of 26,413 cards, making 345,349 references to American literature since 1901.

Through a minute system of classification, the equivalent of a brief digest of the subject contents of each paper, the International Cata- logue places before students and investigators references to practi- cally all the scientific literature of the world. ~ On account of the necessarily high cost of the annual volumes sub- scriptions to the series are limited as a rule to the most important institutions and libraries, where, however, the catalogue is available to everyone desiring to consult this work.

As in all lines of scientific work, the European war temporarily in- terferes with the finances and general work of the catalogue and the amount of literature produced in most of the countries at war is greatly curtailed.

“NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.

There was added to the collections in the National Zoological Park during the past year a number of interesting animals, including 25 species not before represented there. The total accessions aggregated 498. The census of animals on hand June 30, 1915, was 1,397 indi- viduals, representing 151 different species of mammals, 185 of birds, and 22 of reptiles, as compared with 1,362 animals on hand July 1, 1914. The report of-the superintendent of the park, on another page, records a detailed systematic list of all the animals, numbering 629 hammals, 696 birds, and 72 reptiles.

Every year since 1890, when the park was established, many speci- mens have been received through the individual donations of those interested in its growth. Forty-three such donors during the past year contributed 60 animals,

The total number of visitors was 794,530, an increase of about 60,000 over the year preceding, and the largest attendance in the his- tory of the park. Among the visitors were 3,485 students from vari- ous schools and classes on special visits to the park for educational purposes.

The superintendent notes among the improvements of the year the construction of a cage and shelter house for pumas; and an out-of- doors inclosure with a small shelter house for a band of 25 rhesus monkeys which thrived there well throughout the winter.

26 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

Near the close of the year work was begun on a hospital and labor- atory building, the urgent need of which was noted in my last report.

In the sundry civil act making appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, provision was made for the acquisition of about 10 acres of land along the western boundary of the park, but neces- sary legal proceedings to complete the purchase had not come to a close at the end of the year.

Among the primary objects in establishing the Zoological Park was the “instruction and recreation of the people.” To this end the playground department of the District of Columbia has been allowed to install several pieces of apparatus in a meadow tract which has become a favorite resort for picnic parties.

The needs of the park become greater with the growth of the col- lections and the increasing popularity of the resort as an attractive public institution. The appropriations from year to year, while sufficient for absolute maintenance, have permitted the construction of but few of such permanent buildings as are needed for the ade- quate care of the animals. Among these urgent needs I may mention an aviary building and a building for the proper housing of ele- phants, hippopotami, and certain other animals now ‘Sheltered in mere temporary quarters.

Accompanying the superintendent’s report is an outline map on which are indicated desirable building sites where necessary grading for that purpose would permit the desirable filling of certain ravines now practically useless.

NECROLOGY.

THEODORE NICHOLAS GILL.

Theodore Nicholas Gill was born at New York March 21, 1837, and died at Washington September 25, 1914. The following tribute, to his memory was adopted at a meeting of his associates on Sep- tember 26:

TRIBUTE TO THE MEMORY OF DR, GILL.

Theodore Nicholas Gill, master of arts, doctor of medicine, doctor of philos- ophy, doctor of laws, associate in zoology in the United States National Museum. died at Washington, D. C., September 25, 1914, in the seventy-eighth year of his age.

His associates in the Smithsonian Institution and its several branches, assembled at a meeting in his memory at the National Museum on September 26, do here record their deep sorrow in the loss of a sincere friend, profound scholar, one of America’s foremost men of science, and one ofiicially connected with the Smithsonian Institution in various capacities for more than half a eentury.

Trained in private schools and by special tutors in New York City, he early acquired a love for natural science which he made his life work, rising to the

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 2

highest rank in the field of zoology, and through his critical studies adding greatly to the sum of human knowledge.

As one of the founders of the Cosmos Club; as a professor in the Columbian (now the George Washington) University for more than 50 years; as a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Philosophical Society, the National Academy of Sciences, and of many other scientific socie- ties in the United States and foreign lands, Dr. Gill was most highly esteemed and was widely known to biologists throughout the world as a man of deep and accurate learning, particularly in the study of his specialty, ichthyology. A man of phenomenal memory, familiar with many languages, he was a veritable eyclopedia of science and knew how to make plain to the layman its technical phraseology. He was a constant and willing source of information and_ in- spiration to all who sought his aid in professional studies.

Through devotion to his chosen calling and his genial disposition Dr. Gill has left to his associates a cherished memory and a brilliant example worthy of emulation.

WILLIAM WOODVILLE ROCKHILL.

William Woodville Rockhill, former ambassador to Russia, Tur- key, and other countries, one who had ably filled many other im- portant diplomatic positions in China, Korea, and elsewhere, and had served as Assistant Secretary of State, was born in Philadelphia in 1854 and died in Honolulu, December 8, 1914. From 1888 to 1892 he conducted two scientific missions to China, Mongolia, and Tibet under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, resulting in a large accumulation of most interesting and important data bearing on the habits and customs particularly of the then little-known Tibetans. Much of this valuable information was embodied in his “ Diary of a Journey through Mongolia and Tibet,” published by the Institution. 'To the National Museum collections he added a large amount of ethnological material resulting from his journeys. Mr. Rockhill was intensely devoted to oriental study and had been a con- stant collaborator of the Smithsonian Institution throughout all his official career. At the time of his death he was en route to assume his duties as financial adviser to the Chinese Government.

Respectfully submitted. Cuartes D. Waccort, Secretary.

APPENDIX 1. REPORT ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the opera- tions of the United States National Museum for the fiscal year end- ing June 30, 1915:

{NTRODUCTORY.

In the last two reports the general status and arrangement of the public collections in all departments were briefly reviewed. Since then the exhibits of anthropology, biology, and geology in the new building have undergone few material changes, though they have received many important additions and there has been an improve- ment in the condition of a large number of specimens which needed renovation. It having become necessary to provide a place for the larger whale skeletons, which were not transferred at the time of the general moving of the zoological collections, the south hall in the second story of the west wing, previously assigned to marine in- vertebrates, was allotted to this purpose and the invertebrates were taken to the north side of the building on the same floor. The re- installations necessitated by these changes were in progress at the close of the year.

The accommodations afforded by the improvised picture gallery in the north main hall have been entirely outgrown and the point has been reached where the paintings must be so crowded as to utterly destroy their effect. There is no other suitable location to which this important collection can be extended and would-be con- tributors find no encouragement in the conditions. The time has certainly arrived when serious consideration should be given toward providing proper means for sheltering and displaying the art treas- ures of the Museum, in which connection the interests of the Na- tional Gallery of Art are vitally at stake.

The work of renovation of the main hall in the Smithsonian building, which continued throughout the year, prevented the exe- cution of the proposed plans for the enlargement and improvement of the exhibition series of the graphic arts. In the older Museum building the installations, especially in the recently reorganized di- visions, steadily progressed with very measurable advancement. In

28

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 29

the division of textiles much material was added, many gaps were filled, and numerous novel features were introduced. In mineral technology, where the construction of models makes progress slower, the number of comprehensive educational features was nevertheless considerably increased, and so many more are in course of preparation that another year should see a wide representation of the subjects covered. Toward the end of the year a section of wood technology was established with the main object of setting forth in a manner to satisfy the artisan and the public the qualities and sources of the woods available for any purpose to which that material is put. It is not doubted that a creditable collection can soon be gathered.

COLLECTIONS.

The additions to the collections, comprised in 1,481 accessions, aggregated approximately 304,647 specimens, which were classified and assigned as follows: Anthropology, 15,140; zoology, 101,928; botany, 51,295; geology and mineralogy, 4,063 ; paleontology, 129,981; textiles and animal and vegetable products, 1,511; mineral technol- ogy, 607; National Gallery of Art, 122. Loans for exhibition were also received to the extent of 1,760 articles, consisting of paintings and sculptures, laces, embroideries and tapestries, costumes and other historical objects, ethnological specimens, etc. The number of lots of material sent in for examination and report amounted to 790, of which about 64 per cent were geological and 28 per cent zoological.

Among the more important gifts to the division of ethnology were a large series of old Japanese art, assembled about 30 years ago by the late J. Crawford Lyon and presented by the Misses Lyon; a col- lection of baskets, bark cloth, sword hilts in process of making, quivers for blowgun darts, musical instruments, and other objects, gathered in Dutch Borneo by Mr. H. C. Raven, and donated by Dr. _W. L. Abbott; examples of modern Egyptian clothing contributed by Mr. Herbert E. Winlock; and interesting articles from the Plains Indians, which belonged to the late Maj. George Henry Palmer, United States Army, presented by Mrs. Palmer. A valuable series of musical instruments, household articles, tools, and other objects from the Ute Indians of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation, south- eastern Utah, was purchased. The loans comprised objects from southern Mindanao, P. I., Abyssinia, Japan, China, Egypt, and Europe.

The principal accession in American archeology was secured through the cooperation of the Smithsonian Institution with the management of the Panama-California Exposition at San Diego, and comprised important series of implements and other objects of stone,

80 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

metal, and terra cotta from various localities in the United States and Mexico. Many specimens of like nature from the same countries were also received in exchange from the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum at Stockholm, and the Bureau of American Ethnology transmitted a quantity of pottery displaying a distinct type of decoration from the lower Mimbres Valley, N.-Mex. A banner stone of rose quartz, a very remarkable Indian relic and probably one of the finest ex- amples of its kind yet brought to light, from Woodruff County, Ark., and one image of gold and two of gilded copper from Chiriqui, Panama, were purchased. The principal gifts consisted of a notable jade ax from Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, a small stone celt from Ahuachapan, San Salvador, and a clay figurine from Tepecoyo, in the same country, presented by Mr. Emilio Mosony1, of San Salvador, and a pottery vase from a mound in Marion County, Tenn., con- tributed by Mr. Clarence B. Moore.

In Old World archeology there were only two relatively important accessions. The first, an exchange from Dr. Rutot, of the Royal Museum of Natural History at Brussels, consisted of 90 Neolithic stone implements from Belgium, representing the first epoch of pol- ished stone culture in Europe, known as the “ Spiennian”; the sec- ond, a gift from Mr. Herbert E. Clark, of Jerusalem, of 19 stone implements, forming a valuable addition to the present collection from Palestine.

The more important contributions in physical anthropology com- prised skeletal material from a Minsi burial place on the Jersey side of the Delaware River, 3 miles below Montague, N. J., one of the most complete and carefully recorded collections of such specimens so far acquired, from Mr. George G. Heye, of New York; similar material from Alabama and Tennessee, from Mr. Clarence B. Moore; eight prehistoric skeletons and four skulls from Bohemia, from Prof. J. Matiegka, of the University of Prague; and three nearly complete and four partial human skeletons, from Montana, collected by Mr. C. W. Gilmore, of the Museum staff.

The electrical collections were enriched by a most noteworthy gift from Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, consisting of 280 pieces of experimental phonographic apparatus and several relics connected with the early history of the telephone. Under a special act of Congress, the Coast and Geodetic Survey transferred a large number of antiquated surveying instruments which are now of much his- torical importance; and a quantity of guns needed to fill gaps in the collection were deposited by the Navy and War Departments. Of especial interest is a gasoline automobile of 1896, presented by the Olds Motor Works.

The section of musical instruments received during the year such a contribution as places its collection among the most notable of the

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. ol

kind in the world. The gift came from Mr. Hugo Worch, of Wash- ington, D. C., a student of the history of the pianoforte in America, who has been assembling a collection of these instruments, which he offered to the Museum in order to provide for their permanent preservation. While accommodations for the entire series may not be found, 70 instruments have already been delivered, the selection following lines to best illustrate the progress and development in piano making down to about 1850. Too much praise can not be accorded Mr. Worch for this splendid donation, which now includes 24 examples of European make and 46 of American make. With few exceptions, the latter are the product of manufacturers in Philadel- phia, New York, Baltimore, and Boston, and represent, among others, the names of Taws, Albrecht, Harper, Geib, Kearsing, Loud, Hisky, Osborne, Nunns, Goodrich, Stewart, Chickering, Meyer, Bab- cock, and Wise. The earliest of the American pianos is of date about 1790 and of the European about 1770. While in most cases the ex- amples are no longer in playing shape, the mechanism is preserved, and some remain in excellent condition.

In the section of ceramics the more noteworthy additions con- sisted of two loans, one including an old porcelain rice bowl and a tea set of cloisonné on porcelain from Miss Julia H. Chadwick, the other being a collection of Chinese and Japanese porcelains from Miss Eliza R. Scidmore. The division of graphic arts received a large number of specimens mainly required for filling gaps in the collections, among the more important being illustrations of a process for color printing from photographs and of the rapid rotary in- taglio process, besides many examples of lithographs, collotypes, and other prints.

The additions to the memorial collection of American history were numerous and of great variety, the most important being loans, in which were included a water-color portrait of Washington by James Peale; articles of military equipment carried by Capt. William Wal- ton during the War of the Revolution; a silver tea service of five pieces once the property of Laura Wolcott, daughter of. Oliver Wolcott, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; a pair of gold and jeweled earrings formerly belonging to Mrs. Rebecca Madison, niece of President Madison; and three gold medals and one of bronze added to the collection of Rear Admiral Robert E. Peary, United States Navy. There was also a large contribution of silver and bronze coins of the nineteenth century, issues of the United States and several foreign countries; and the collection of postage stamps, envelopes, and post cards was very materially increased.

The exhibition of historical costumes was greatly increased both by gift and loan, most noteworthy being appropriate costumes for repre- senting four additional presidential administrations at the White

82 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915,

House. The earliest of these belonged to Betty Taylor, daughter of President Zachary Taylor, 1849-1850. The next, a lavender silk dress, was worn at the White House by Mrs. Fillmore, wife of President Millard Fillmore, 1850-1853. The third, a black moiré, was worn by Mrs. Pierce on the occasion of the inauguration of her husband, Franklin Pierce, March 4, 1853. The last, a pale-green brocade, was used by Mrs. Cleveland during the first administration of President Cleveland, 1885-1889.

In the section of art textiles the acquisitions, all loans, comprised over 100 pieces of lace, besides embroideries, brocades, velvets, tapes- tries, etc. Six tapestries of great beauty and value were also lent for a short period by Messrs. P. W. French & Co., of New York. The room containing this collection was entirely renovated and repainted, the materials were also for the most part rearranged, and where necessary new and more effective backgrounds were substituted.

As during many successive years, the Museum was indebted to Dr. W. L. Abbott for large collections of the higher animals, one made at his expense in Dutch East Borneo by Mr. H. C. Raven, the other, composed entirely of mammals, obtained by himself in Kashmir. Of no less importance was a collection from the northwest coast of Cuba, secured during an expedition by Mr. John B. Henderson, comprising at least 10,000 mollusks and other invertebrates, nearly 3,000 fishes, and many reptiles and batrachians. The Bureau of Fisheries made extensive deposits of marine invertebrates and fishes; and Mr. Arthur de C. Sowerby continued to transmit valuable series of vertebrates and insects from little known districts in China. Birds, reptiles, batra- chians, fishes, and marine invertebrates from Panama were contrib- uted by Mr. James Zetek; plants and marine invertebrates in large numbers by the Carnegie Institution of Washington; and animals of various groups by the Biological Survey.

Besides those above mentioned, interesting collections of birds were received from Ecuador and Australia. A unique accession consisted of the last of the pair of passenger pigeons which had been so long preserved in the Cincinnati Zoological Gardens, and whose death sig- nalized the absolute extinction of this remarkable form. Additional specimens of reptiles and batrachians were obtained from Texas, Cali- fornia, Mexico, and Baluchistan; and of fishes from the Philippine Islands, Formosa, and Panama.

The most notable contribution of mollusks was a gift from Mr. John B. Henderson of a very large collection of selected and gen- erally identified specimens assembled from practically every part of the world. Eight separate transfers of invertebrates by the Bureau of Fisheries were of much scientific value. Four of these consisted of material that had been studied and described and therefore contained numerous type specimens, and the remainder of new collections from

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 33

recent surveys of the steamer Albatross on the Pacific coast. ‘Through the courtesy of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, about 1,000 specimens of corals from the Bahama Islands and Florida, 300 specimens from Australia, and many other marine forms were acquired. The Bureau of Entomology was the principal con- tributor of insects, which belonged mainly to the Hymenoptera, Dip- tera, and Odonata. Peruvian Diptera to the number of over 3,000, besides several hundred preparations, were presented by Dr. C. H. T. Townsend; and numerous wasps and other insects, by Dr. T. D. A. Cockerell. ‘Two other important collections, consisting of Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, were received from Copenhagen.

The number of plants received was greater than in any of the pre- vious 10 years except 1913. Nearly one-fourth were deposited by the Department of Agriculture, including 7,300 specimens of grasses, of which the larger part will be distributed in sets to scientific establish- ments. ‘Two other noteworthy collections from the same department consisted of phanerogams from the western United States and west- ern Canada. Important accessions otherwise obtained came from the West Indies, the Philippine Islands, China, the Canary Islands, western South America, Mexico, and several of the States.

Though the accessions in geology were not extensive, they fur- nished a considerable variety of valuable material. A collection from the Geological Survey was illustrative of the economic phases of the feldspar deposits of the United States. Individual gifts com- prised excellent specimens of ferberite-bearing pegmatite from Ari- zona; tungsten ore and roscoelite-bearing sandstone from Colorado; and a sample of ferro-vanadium made from patronite ores of Minas- ragra, Peru; besides several slabs of marble for the exhibition series of ornamental stones. The meteorite collection was enriched by specimens from 13 falls, obtained by gift, exchange, and purchase, to which may be added fragments of 12 meteorites deposited by the National Academy of Sciences.

The most important single accession in mineralogy consisted of several hundred specimens of minerals and cut stones, including a suite of unique titantic crystals from an exhausted locality at Bridge- water, Pa., received as a bequest from the late Brig. Gen. William H. Forwood, United States Army. Among the transfers from the Geological Survey were various lots of gem minerals, in both rough and cut form, including many specimens of exceptional value, con- sisting for the most part of types of new species, or restudied and redescribed material from new localities. From several other sources rare and interesting examples were also obtained, such as one of the largest known nuggets of osmiridium, large crystals of phenacite, tarbuttite, roepperite, pseudomorphs from the Blue Jay Copper Mine, scheelite, large rhodonites, etc. The additions in petrology

18618°—sm 1915——3 ;

34 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915,

consisted, as usual, largely of studied material, representing folio series, deposited by the Geological Survey. Mention should also be’ made of an interesting collection of obsidians from Iceland, pre- sented by Dr. F. E. Wright, and illustrating his studies on the origin of spherulitic structure.

An extensive series of Devonian fossils, representing the lifelong collecting of Prof. Henry Shaler Williams, and including many faunas not previously represented in the Museum, formed the largest and most important accession in invertebrate paleontology. It was transferred by the Geological Survey, which also deposited nearly 600 specimens of type and other monographic material. Other large acquisitions consisted of about 5,000 specimens of European Paleo- zoic and Mesozoic fossils; some 6,000 specimens of Ordovician and Silurian fossils from Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky; and about 5,000 Cambrian fossils from China. <A series of Mesozoic sponges from Germany is especially adapted for exhibition purposes, as is also a large slab containing numerous Devonian glass sponges from New York. Additional specimens from the cave deposit at Cum- berland, Md., referred to in previous reports, comprising 15 more or less complete skulls and other fragmental material, were obtained through the generous financial aid of Mr. John B. Henderson. Portions of a mastodon discovered at Winamac, Ind., indicate the existence at that place of a more or less complete skeleton, which the Museum has obtained permission to excavate. Other important con- tributions include 30 dinosaurian skin plates from the Lance forma- tion in Wyoming; a composite skeleton of a dog, and three skulls and lower jaws, from the Rancho La Brea asphalt deposits at Los Angeles, Cal.; and a large part of the skeleton of the extinct swim- ming reptile, Mosasaurus, from Montana.

The division of textiles received so many and such variety of addi- tions as to render an adequate summation impossible within the compass of this report. Of particular popular interest is a series of machines for ginning, drawing, spinning, and weaving cotton, which it is intended, in part at least, to provide with motive power so as to be able to actually demonstrate to the public the processes of manu- facture from the raw material to the finished product. The processes in the manufacture of worsted goods and of carded woolen fabrics are also fully illustrated by a large series of specimens. Besides standard goods of cotton, wool, silk, etc., the contributions include a great array of specialties and novelties, materials recently placed upon the market, or soon to be, in satisfaction of the ever-increasing demand for new stuffs and new patterns. Printed cotton goods, printed cotton draperies, upholstery fabrics; pile fabrics for dress and decorative purpose, including beautiful examples of artificial furs; brocaded dress silks for the fall season of 1915, new printed satins,

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 35

pongees, tussah silks, trimming silks, taffeta dress silks in Mexican and Indian designs; satins, crépes, and chiffons decorated by means of spray printing; machine and hand made laces; embroidered and brocaded Chinese silks; Cashmere shawls; the manufacture of Amer- ican rugs; oilcloths—these and many samples of other goods were all well represented in the accessions of the year. Additions were also received for the historical collection of textile machinery, in- cluding several early appliances marking important stages in the development of the industry.

Following the plans outlined in a previous report, the work of preparing exhibits in mineral technology was actively carried on. The principal ones, including models and products, installed during the year were illustrative of the occurrence, mining, and treatment of rock salt for the manufacture of sodium compounds by the Solvay Process Co., of Syracuse, N. Y.; the manufacture of glass, additional to the models received the previous year, from the Macbeth-Evans Co.; the processes employed in the manufacture of gypsum as a building material at Oakfield, N. Y.; the manufacture of mica plate by a process which permits the utilization of what. was formerly thrown away as waste; the occurrence, derivation, and adaptability of abrading materials; asbestos fiber and the manufacture of asbestos products; a by-product coke furnace, its operation, and products; and the manufacture of graphite and its industrial products.

THE NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART.

By a supplemental transfer executed in January, 1915, the splendid gift of Mr. Charles L. Freer, of Detroit, Mich., was increased by 110 articles, of which 8 are American and 102 oriental. The Ameri- ean works comprise 1 oil painting by Dwight W. Tryon, 1 oi] pamt- ing and 2 silver points by Thomas W. Dewing, and 3 drawings and sketches and 1 lithograph by James McNeill Whistler. The oriental objects consist of 43 Chinese and 7 Japanese paintings, mainly panels, kakemono, and makimono; 14 pieces of pottery, of which 12 are Chinese and 1 each Rakka and Raghes; and 24 pieces of jade, 5 sculptures in stone, and 9 bronzes, all Chinese. By this addition the Freer collection now aggregates 4,811 items of American and oriental art.

The other permanent acquisitions numbered 12, of which the prin- cipal donor, as heretofore, was Mr. William T. Evans, of New York, who contributed 4 paintings and 1 bronze, namely: “Moonrise at Ogunquit,” by H. Hobart Nichols; “Portrait of Mrs. William T. Evans and Son,” by Henry Oliver Walker; “ Portrait of William T. Evans,” by Wyatt Eaton; “ Portrait of Wyatt Eaton,” by J. Alden Weir; and a bronze bust inscribed “ William Thomas Evans

36 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

MCMIV,” by J. Scott Hartley. The further contributions were as follows: “ Wooded Landscape,” oil painting, by Samuel Isham, received from the estate of the artist in accordance with his wish; “Fisher Girl of Picardy,” oil painting, by Elizabeth Nourse, pre- sented by Mrs. Elizabeth C. Pilling, of Washington, in memory of her husband, the late John Walter Pilling; “ Full Moon,” a land- seape at Limache, Chile, oil painting, by Alfredo Helsby, presented by the Embassy of Chile at Washington; the original plaster model of the bronze equestrian statue of Lafayette, by Paul Bartlett, erected in the Square of the Louvre, Paris, France, in 1900, as a testi- monial from the school children of the United States, presented by the artist; a bronze bust, heroic size, of Viscount Bryce, formerly ambassador of Great Britain to the United States, by Henry Hudson KXitson, presented by the artist; a full-length statue of the goddess Sappho, in white marble, typifying the Muse of’ Poetry, modeled be- tween 1865 and 1870 by Vinnie Ream Hoxie and presented by Brig. Gen. Richard L. Hoxie, United States Army (retired) ; and the origi- nal plaster cast of the statue of The Falling Gladiator, by William Rimmer, presented by his daughter, Miss Caroline Hunt Rimmer.

The loans to the Gallery aggregated 121 paintings, 2 bronzes, and 2 plaster casts, received from 14 sources. Included in the paintings were 27 portraits by 23 artists, forming a special loan exhibition on behalf of The National Association of Portrait Painters, which was held from March 6 to April 7, 1915, a special view by invitation being given on the first evening. This exhibition, like the corresponding one of the year before, was especially noteworthy.

MEETINGS, CONGRESSES, AND SPECIAL EXHIBITIONS.

Fhe facilities afforded by the new building for meetings, lectures, and congresses were extensively utilized. The Washington Society of the Fine Arts continued its lecture courses, which, as customary, were divided into three series, one being on “ The art of to-day,” another on “'The decorative arts,” and the third on “The romantic period of music.” Seven interesting lectures on various scientific subjects were given, five under the auspices of the Washington Academy of Sciences, and two under the joint auspices of the same organization and the Biological Society of Washington. The Washington Society of the Archaeological Institute of America provided two lectures, as did also the Audubon Society of the District of Columbia.

The National Academy of Sciences during its regular annual meeting in April used the auditorium for its public sessions, which included two lectures under the William Ellery Hale foundation, and also held a conversazione in the picture gallery and rotunda. The annual meeting of The American Fisheries Society took place in Sep-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 37

tember and October, in the course of which two lectures on the sal- smon industry of the Pacific coast, illustrated by moving pictures, were given. Accommodations were furnished for two conventions. The first was the twelfth annual convention of the National Rural Letter Carriers’ Association, held in August, and the second a joint convention of postmasters from Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North and South Carolina, which met in October. Two special ex- hibitions of exceptional interest on July 16, consisted of illustra- tions of marine life below the surface of the sea at the Bahama Is- lands by means of moving pictures. The films were the first of their kind known to have been taken, and this was the first occasion of their public display, arranged through the courtesy of the Submarine Film Corporation. 2

Two receptions were given by the Regents and: Secretary of the Institution, the first, on April 17, in honor of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, the second, on May 13, to the delegates to The American Federation of Arts, then in session in the city. The auditorium and other rooms were used on a number of occasions by branches of the Department of Agriculture for hearings and meetings, including a series of 12 Saturday lectures under the auspices of the Bureau of Plant Industry.

Outside of the National Gallery of Art, the only special loan exhi- kition of importance held during the year was one assembled under the auspices of The American Federation of Arts. It relates wholly to industrial art in the United States, was opened on May 13, and will continue until the middle of September of the current year. Favored by a very large number of contributors, including manu- facturers, craftsmen, artists, and schools, it has proved one of the most notable displays of its kind ever held in this country, and, while not claiming to be complete, it is remarkably comprehensive and rep- resentative. The standard upheld is extremely high, and two things are especially emphasized—the value of beauty in design and the fine quality of artistic products now being made in America.

The Museum is participating in the two California expositions, which, beginning in January and February, respectively, will continue until the close of the calendar year 1915. For preparing Government exhibits to be shown at the larger of these, the Panama-Pacific Inter- national Exposition at San Francisco, Congress gave $500,000, of which amount the small and inadequate sum of $23,750 was allotted to the Smithsonian Institution and its branches. The repre- sentative of these, by designation of the Secretary, is Mr. W. de C. Ravenel, administrative assistant of the Museum. The display made by the Museum has, in view of the circumstance, been almost entirely restricted to ethnology, of which the most prominent features are

38 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

four large family groups, representing the Alaskan Eskimo, the Zulu-Kaflir of southern Africa, the Caribs of British Guiana, and the Dyaks of Borneo. These are supplemented by a series of 10 aborigi- nal dwelling groups, a large collection of artifacts, and several sy- noptic series illustrating the history of fire making and illumination, the jackknife, the saw, the spindle and shuttle, and the hafted and perforated stone ax. Outside of ethnology the only material exhibit is a splendid group of the common elk, or wapiti, of the Rocky Moun- tain region, comprising male, female, and young, but the important Museum exhibits in anthropology, biology, and geology are repre- sented by means of an extensive series of lantern slides for use with the stereomotorgraph.

While the Panama-California Exposition at San Diego received no aid from the Government, the Museum was enabled to take part and also to derive considerable benefit through a cooperative arrangement between the management of the exposition and the Smithsonian Insti- tution, whereby the latter assumed charge of the assembling and installation of an exhibit of physical anthropology and another illus- trating certain important industries of the American aborigines. The expenses were entirely defrayed by the exposition company, which allotted $27,000 for the former subject and $5,000 for the latter. Preparations were begun in 1912, and in physical anthropology, un- der Dr. AleS Hrdlicka, of the Museum staff, entailed extensive ex- plorations which were carried to many quarters of the globe. The collections as finally installed greatly surpass in richness, instructive- ness, and harmony anything before attempted in this line. They are divided into four sections, illustrating, respectively, man’s evolution ; his development or growth; his racial, sexual, and individual vari- ations; and the causes, outside of normal senility, which contribute to the decline of the human organism, as disease and injury. The other exhibit, prepared under the direction of Mr. William H. Holmes, head curator of anthropology, consists primarily of six lay- figure groups, representing the mining of iron ore and pigment mate- rials, and of copper, the quarrying of soapstone, obsidian and build- ing stone, and the arrow makers. These groups are supplemented by extensive series of the implements, utensils, and art works generally of these ancient peoples. Particular interest attaches to these col- lections, as they have been installed as permanent exhibits in a build- ing specially erected as a museum feature for the city of San Diego. The benefits derived by the National Museum through its participa- tion in this exposition consist in the division of a part of the collec- tions, the opportunity of reproducing many novel features, and the working up and publication of the scientific results of the expedi- tions which were mainly into new and important fields.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 89 MISCELLANEOUS.

Duplicate specimens of natural history to the number of 14,848, accurately classified and labeled, and put up in 163 sets, were dis- tributed for teaching purposes among the schools and colleges of the country. They consisted mainly of rocks, minerals, ores, fossils, and recent mollusks, though other zoological groups and ethnological and archeological subjects were also represented. In making ex- changes 7,927 duplicates were used, over three-fifths being plants. The number of specimens, all belonging to natural history, sent out for study by specialists located elsewhere, was 10,269, the preponder- ating subjects being plants, insects, marine invertebrates, and fossils.

The total number of visitors to the new building aggregated 262,185 for week days and 59,577 for Sundays, being a daily average of 837 for the former and of 1,145 for the latter. At the older Museum building the attendance for week days (the building not being opened on Sundays) was 133,202, a daily average of 425. The Smithsonian building was closed to the public during five months on account of extensive alterations in progress, and the attendance was thereby reduced to 40,324 persons.

The publications issued during the year comprised 9 volumes and 41 separate papers. The former consisted of the annual report for 1914; volume 47 of the Proceedings; volume 19 of the Contributions from the National Herbarium; and 6 bulletins, 3 of which related to paleontology and 3 to marine animals. The separate papers formed parts of volumes 47, 48, and 49 of the Proceedings. The total num- ber of copies of Museum publications distributed was about 54,000.

The library received 2,209 volumes, 2,530 pamphlets, and 183 parts of volumes, and at the close of the year contained 45,818 volumes and 76,295 pamphlets and unbound papers, or a total of 122,118 titles.

Respectfully submitted. Ricwarp Ratusun, Assistant Secretary in Charge, United States National Museum. Dr, Cuartes D. Watcort, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

SEPTEMBER 27, 1915.

APPENDIX 2. REPORT ON THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.

Sir: Pursuant to the communication of the Acting Secretary dated July 2, I have the honor to present the following report on the oper- ations of the Bureau of American Ethnology during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1915, conducted in accordance with the act of Con- egress approved August 1, 1914, making appropriations for the sundry civil expenses of the Government, and with a plan of operations sub- mitted by the ethnologist-in-charge and approved by the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The provision of the act authorizing the researches of the Bureau of American Ethnology is as follows:

American Ethnology: For continuing ethnological researches among the American Indians and the natives of Hawaii, including the excavation and preservation of archseologic remains, under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, including salaries or compensation of all necessary employees and

the purchase of necessary books and periodicals, including payment in advance for subscriptions, $42,000.

SYSTEMATIC RESEARCHES.

As in the past, the systematic researches of the bureau were con- ducted by its regular staff, consisting of 9 ethnologists, including the ethnologist-in-charge, and of 10 ethnologists during part of the year. These operations may be summarized as follows:

Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist-in-charge, devoted most of his atten- tion during the year to the administration of the affairs of the bu- reau, but opportunity was found, with the assistance of Miss Florence M. Poast, to add materially to the compilation of the bibliography of the Pueblo Indians, which now comprises about 2,400 titles. Mr. Hodge also read several extended manuscripts submitted for publi- cation by the bureau; he likewise continued to represent the bureau on the Smithsonian advisory committee on printing and publication and the Smithsonian Institution on the United States Geographic Board.

Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, ethnologist, at the beginning of the fiscal year brought to a close his archeological researches in the valley of the lower Rio Mimbres, N. Mex., reference to which was made in the last annual report. These studies of the many village sites of the prehistoric people of the section named lead to the belief that the

40 :

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 4]

ancient habitations were not terraced community houses, such as characterize typical pueblos, but were of an older form, hence Dr. Fewkes assigns them to a period and a people which he designates pre-Puebloan. This conclusion is based not only on the character of the house structures as indicated by their ground plans, but also on the character and decoration of the pottery vessels found under the floors. The most noteworthy feature of this earthenware is the re- markable painted decoration on the inside of the bowls, consisting of representations of men engaged in various pursuits, animals, and geometric designs of exceptional forms, suggesting the culture of the Keres Indians of New Mexico rather than that of other Pueblos. A distinctive feature of some of the animal pictures on the Mimbres pottery is the fusion of two different animal forms, as the antelope and a fish, in a single representation. Dr. Fewkes suggests that the almost constant presence of rectangular and other geometric designs on the bodies of the animals depicted on the pottery may be con- sidered in a sense parallel with certain very ancient paintings on the walls of caves in France, as described by Dr. Capitan and others. The special value of the study of the painted designs on the Mimbres pottery lies in the light which they cast on general problems con- nected with the culture-genesis and clan migrations of the sedentary Indians of the Southwest. These designs are related, on the one hand, to those on Pueblo painted pottery of northern New Mexico and Arizona and, on the other, to the decorations on the earthenware of the prehistoric inhabitants of the valleys of the southern part of the Sierra Madre Plateau, notably those of the celebrated Casas Grandes in Chihuahua. An illustrated preliminary report, under the title “Archeology of the Lower Mimbres Valley, New Mexico,” was pre- pared by Dr. Fewkes and published in Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Vol. 63, No. 10, pp. 1-53, pls. 1-8, figs. 1-82).

In January Dr. Fewkes visited southern Arizona, where he made several archeological reconnoissances, following the Rio Santa Cruz almost to the Mexican boundary. He visited the old Indian missions of San Xavier del Bac and Tumacacori, and in their vicinity examined extensive aboriginal ruins, which were found to belong to the same type as Casa Grande, Ariz. The group of prehistoric ruins near the dilapidated mission of ‘Tumacacori (which imposing structure, now preserved as a national monument, is greatly in need of repair) pre- sents unusual advantages for thorough archeological investigation, with promise of important collections. The walls of the compound can be traced readily, and if uncovered by excavation would reveal important information on the ancient culture of the Santa Cruz Val- Jey. Similar remains were noted in other parts of this valley and elsewhere in southern Arizona. While in this general area Dr. Fewkes observed that the Papago Indians of the desert have been

AQ ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

little affected by civilization, retaining many of their original cus- toms, beliefs, and ceremonies, and a wealth of folklore.

Dr. Fewkes visited also the ruins of a large pueblo compound on the road between Phoenix and Tempe, chiefly for the purpose of de- termining the advisability of its excavation and repair, as an effort-is being made by citizens of Phoenix to preserve the ruins with a view of having the compound created a national monument and receiving adequate scientific treatment.

Leaving Arizona in February, Dr. Fewkes proceeded again to the Mimbres Valley, but found the weather unpropitious for field work except for excursions with the view of locating sites for possible fu- ture excavation. He returned to Washington about the middle of the month and continued the preparation of his memoir on “ Antiquities of the West Indies,” which is to include the results of archeological research conducted in the Greater and the Lesser Antilles under the joint auspices of the bureau and the Heye Museum of New York, as referred to in a previous report. In connection with this work Dr. Fewkes visited New York for the purpose of studying recently ac- quired collections, in the Heye Museum, illustrating the culture of the ancient inhabitants of the West Indies.

The greater part of May was devoted by Dr. Fewkes to the com- pletion of a paper on “ Prehistoric Hopi Pottery Designs,” which comprises 138 manuscript pages, 12 plates, and 105 figures. In this article the author treats of the pictography on the ceramics of the ancient village dwellers of the East Mesa of the Hopi of northwest- ern Arizona, including the Keres and Tewa colonists of early times, as well as the designs of the more modern period. The memoir con- siders in detail the probable genesis of modern Hopi symbolic figures, and devotes attention also to their connection with clan and other sociclogic groups.

The opening of the fiscal year found Mr. James Mooney, ethnolo- gist, engaged in field studies among the Cherokee Indians of North Carolina, which were continued until the middle of September. Mr. Mooney devoted his efforts especially to the further collection and translation of the sacred formulas of the Indians named, together with the collection, for botanical identification, of the plants men- tioned in the formulas, with others of Indian economic importance. The remainder of the fiscal year was spent by Mr. Mooney in the office, most of the time being devoted to the final elaboration of the Cherokee formulas, of varying length, originally written down by the priests of the tribe in the native Cherokee alphabet and used by them for purposes of medicine, love, hunting, fishing, agriculture, protection, etc. Each formula consists usually of a prayer or a song, or both, in an archaic and highly figurative form of the language, followed by brief directions couched in the everyday language, and

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 43

relating to the manner of the ceremony or the plants to be used in the prescription. The printed formula will consist of three parts, namely, transliteration, translation, and explanation. The glossary will comprise perhaps 4,000 words, largely archaic and otherwise unusual in form. The botanical appendix will deal with the names and uses of from 500 to 700 plants mentioned in the formulas, nearly all of which have already been collected and botanically identified. There will also be an extended chapter on Cherokee religion and mythology. Approximately a third of the transliterations and trans- lations have been written in final form from the interlinear note- books, and half of the work has been glossarized on cards.

Considerable time was spent by Mr. Mooney in furnishing special information for use in answering inquiries of correspondents.

Dr. John R. Swanton, ethnologist, in addition to supervising the final work incident to the publication, as Bulletin 45, of “ Byington’s Choctaw Dictionary,” edited by himself in conjunction with Mr. H. 8. Halbert, devoted attention to the study of the Creek Indians, to which reference is made in former reports. The first draft of his memoir on the Creeks is practically completed, but the amount of material was found to be so great that it has seemed best to separate it into two, if not three, sections. The first of these, embracing a discussion of the location and classification of the southern tribes, their early history, and their population, Dr. Swanton is now revis- ing, incorporating new material and making such changes as fuller information has shown to be necessary. It is hoped that this section may be ready for publication at a comparatively early date.

Through an Alibamu Indian living in Texas the bureau has been able to add several hundred words and a few pages of text to the Alibamu material gathered by Dr. Swanton.

During the first three months of the year Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, eth- nologist, completed the translating and editing of a collection of texts and legends for the memoir on “Seneca Myths and Fiction” to be published in the Thirty-second Annual Report, consisting of ma- terial originally collected in native texts and in English by the late Jeremiah Curtin and Mr. Hewitt. This material, aggregating 2,300 pages, besides 350 notes and additions by Mr. Hewitt, was submitted early in October for publication. Subsequently, and as opportunity was afforded throughout the year, Mr. Hewitt devoted special atten- tion to the preparation of material for a grammatical sketch of the Troquois languages, especially as spoken by the Mohawk, Onondaga, and Cayuga, for incorporation in the “ Handbook of American In- dian languages.”

In December Mr. Hewitt visited the Grand River Reservation in Canada for the purpose of prosecuting his studies among the Indians dwelling thereon. A serious epidemic of smallpox interfered some-

44 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

what with his work, but with the efficient assistance of Mr. William K. Loft, a Mohawk speaker, Mr. Hewitt was able to make a critical phonetic and grammatie study of portions of the Mohawk texts relating to the league of the Iroquois, recorded by him in former years. Work was also done in recording a selected list of Mohawk verbs for comparative use, and with the painstaking aid of Mrs. Mary Gibson, widow of the late noted chief John Arthur Gibson, Mr. Hewitt was able to supply the Cayuga equivalents to this list, as well as to record other vocabulary terms of the Cayuga. From Mrs. Gibson also was obtained an extended text in Cayuga relating to the origin and the ritual of the death feast of the women. On the same reservation Mr. Hewitt, with the aid of Mr. Hardy Gibson, a Cayuga chief, elucidated certain mooted points in regard to the ritual significance of a number of words and phrases employed in the chants of the condoling and installation council of the Iroquois league. From Miss Emily Carrier, a mixed-blood Nanticoke, he ob- tained a list of 50 Nanticoke words. This short list is of smgular interest, as the Nanticoke dialect of the Algonquian stock has become practically extinct through absorption of its speakers by the Iro- quois-speaking peoples. Mr. Hewitt also made about 70 photo- graphs, principally of persons.

On his return to Washington on January 15 Mr. Hewitt at once resumed his analytic study of the Mohawk, Onondaga, and Cayuga dialects for the purpose of obtaining proper material for the prepa- ration of the grammatic sketch above referred to.

In addition to these investigations, Mr. Hewitt furnished much information for use in preparing replies to inquiries from corre- spondents, some of them requiring considerable research. No fewer than 130 such letters were answered by means of data supplied by Mr. Hewitt. As in the past, he performed the duties connected with the custodianship of manuscripts, which required more than the usual time and effort owing to the preparation of more thoroughly fire- proof quarters and transfer of the manuscripts thereto, as will later be mentioned. During June Mr. Hewitt was engaged in reading the first proofs of “Seneca Myths and Fiction.”

Mr. Francis La Flesche, ethnologist, was engaged during the year chiefly in assembling his notes on the No"’zhizho®, or fasting degree, of the tribal rites: of the Osage called No" ho*zhi‘ga Te Ita, or Sayings of the No“ho'zhitga. Of the seven degrees, the No™’zhizho" is said to be the longest and the next in importance to the Nikie degree; it is also said that this degree contains nearly all the symbols and cere- monial forms (wégaxe), for which reason it is regarded as higher in rank than the other degrees, excepting the Nikie. From information given by Watsémo" of the Black Bear gens and by Waxthizhi of the Puma gens, both of the Ho” ga dual division, their version of the ritual of the No*’zhizho" degree is composed of 116 songs, 14 wigie

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 45

(parts of the ritual that is spoken), and a number of ceremonial acts and forms. Waxthizhi, from whom the songs and wigie were ob- tained, gave 14 wigie and 74 songs; he was unable to give the entire 116 songs, having lost some of them by reason of long disuse of the ritual. To the close of the year 206 pages of this ritual have been completed by Mr. La Flesche; these comprise 9 wigie with literal and free translations, 25 songs with translations, and explanations of the songs, ceremonial acts, and movements, as well as of the vari- ous symbols and paraphernalia used in the ceremonies.

Mr. La Flesche’s work on the No™zhizho® ritual has twice been interrupted by visiting Osage, from whom, however, further infor- mation has been obtained concerning the great war rites of the Osage people. First, Wathuxage, who visited Washington in the autumn of 1914, gave the ritual of the WaxXobe degree of the Tsizhu Wash- tage gens, of which he was a member. The wigie and songs of this ritual cover 76 typewritten pages, including the music, which has been transcribed from the dictaphone. Besides the WaxXobe ritual, Wathuxage gave, in fragmentary form, the Nikie ritual of his gens; this covers 20 typewritten pages, including the music of the songs, which also have been transcribed from the dictaphone. The trans- lations of the songs and wigie of these rituals have yet to be made and the explanatory texts written. Wathuxage died in May, 1915.

The second interruption was by Xutha Wato"l® and Watsémo', from whom additional information was obtained. The former gave three of the wigie: Wigie Tonga or Great Wigie, Kino® Wigie or Symbolic Painting Wigie, and Wazhdigathe Wigie or Gentile Sym- bol Wigie, which it was his part to recite at the tribal ceremonies. These cover 37 typewritten pages. Besides the three wigie, Xutha Wato"r gave the ritual of the Nikie degree of his gens. The wigie and songs of the ritual, including the music, comprise 15 pages. The translations of the three wigie, and the wigie and songe of the Nikie ritual, have yet to be made and the explanatory notes assembled. Watsémo"1” gave another version of the Nidse Wacpe Wigie, or Black Bear Wigie, which he had already given some time ago. This new version is the one recited when the widow of a deceased member of the No”ho*zhitga is admitted to take his place in the order; it comprises 6 typewritten pages and will form a part of the No” zhizho® ritual. This informant also gave some information con- cerning his great grandfather, who was a prominent “ medicine-man.” The notes recorded from the dictation of Watsémo"i have yet to be transcribed. The story will form a part of the chapter on the Wako"dagi, or “ medicine-men.”

Mrs. M. C. Stevenson, ethnologist, continued her researches among the Tewa Indians of New Mexico, but failing health prevented her

46 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

from completing the final revision of the manuscript of her memoir as she had hoped, and it remained unfinished at the time of her un- fortunate death, on June 24, in the suburbs of Washington. It is believed, however, that when an opportunity of fully examining Mrs. Stevenson’s completed manuscript and notes is afforded, it will be found in condition for publication after the customary editorial treatment. Mrs. Stevenson was an efficient and industrious investi- gator of the ethnology of the Pueblo Indians, to which subject she had devoted many years of her life, giving special attention to the Sia, the Zufii, and the Tewa Tribes. Three memoirs on these Indians, published in the annual reports, are replete with information on the subjects of which they treat, and there is no doubt that when Mrs. Stevenson’s memoir on the -Tewa Indians finally appears much valuable knowledge will be added to that which she has already given on the sedentary Indians of the extreme Southwest.

With the opening of the fiscal year Dr. Truman Michelson pro- ceeded to Wisconsin in the hope of obtaining ethnologic and lin- guistic information regarding the Stockbridge Indians residing in that State. It was found that, with respect to the language of this remnant tribe, about a dozen members remembered isolated words, but only one could dictate connected texts, half a dozen of which were recorded. Although knowledge of the language is now too © limited to enable restoration of the grammar, enough material was obtained to show that Stockbridge was intimately related to Pequot and Natick, as well as to Delaware-Munsee. The Stockbridges have long since abandoned all their native customs and beliefs, conse- quently their ethnology may be regarded as beyond recovery.

While in Wisconsin Dr. Michelson procured also ethnologic and linguistic notes on the Menominee. A visit to the Brotherton In- dians resulted in the acquirement of little information excepting historical data, as these people have become greatly modified.

Dr. Michelson next visited Tama, Iowa, for the purpose of renew- ing his researches among the Fox Indians, to which he has been de- voting his energies for some time. He was especially successful in obtaining accounts of the mythical origin ascribed to the Fox people, given in the form of rituals, and he gave attention also to the phonetics of the Fox language. A noteworthy result of Dr. Michel- son’s Fox investigations was the acquirement, through Horace Powa- shiek, of a complete translation of the two most important Fox myths—the Culture Hero and Mother of All the Earth.

At the request of the Davenport Academy of Sciences, Dr. Michel- son conducted some archeological excavations for that institution at its own expense, leave of absence having been granted him for that purpose. En route to Washington, he examined the Sauk and Fox collections in the Field Museum of Natural History at Chicago.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 47

In the office Dr. Michelson paid special attention to the observa- tions on the Sauk and Fox by early writers, especially by the authors in the Annals of the Propaganda Fide, and by Marston, Long, Carver, Beltrami, and others. With the view of definitely settling the question of the relationship of the Yurok and Wiyot languages of California to the Algonquian linguistic stock, Dr. Michelson devoted further study to the subject, reaching the conclusion that whether or not further material would prove these languages to be divergent members of Algonquian, the existing data do not warrant such a classification. Dr. Michelson also devoted attention to the linguistic _ classification of Potawatomi, based on certain grammatical treatises by the late Father Gailland in possession of St. Mary’s College at St. Marys, IXans., which the bureau was permitted to copy through the courtesy of Rev. George Worpenberg, 8. J., librarian of the col- lege. By these studies Dr. Michelson concludes from the verbal pro- nouns of Potawatomi that it belongs to the Ojibwa division of the central Algonquian languages, but that the language is further re- moved from Ojibwa, Ottawa, and Algonkin than any of these is from the others.

Mr. John P. Harrington, ethnologist, became a member of the staff of the bureau, with the approval of the Civil Service Commis- sion, on February 20, from which time until the close of May he finished 600 pages of manuscript and more than 3,000 slips of linguistic information regarding the Chumash Indians of California, the result of researches conducted by him before entering the service of the bureau. He also has, in various stages of elaboration, a quan- tity of other Chumash ethnologic and linguistic material in the preparation of which for publication satisfactory progress is being made. At the end of May Mr. Harrington proceeded to Santa Ines Mission, where, among its documents, he found an old manuscript bearing the title “ Padron que contiene todos las Neofitas de esta Mision de la Purisima Concepcion con expresion de su edad, y par- tida de Bautismo segun se halla hoy dia 1° de Enero de 1814,” by Father Mariano Payeras, of the greatest importance to the study of the former Chumash Indians of La Purisima and Santa Ines. A complete copy of this splendid manuscript, which does not seem to have been known to historians, was made by Mr. Harrington, who also extracted a considerable amount of other material from the mis- sion records. While at Santa Ines Mr. Harrington located the site of the former large rancheria of Nojogui (which had not before been known), and also the site of the rancheria of Itias, mentioned in the records. On June 19 Mr. Harrington visited Arroyo Grande, where he worked for a week with a poor, sick old woman, the sole survivor of the San Luis Obispo Indians, for which reason, to use Mr. Har- rington’s own expression, “the words of her language are precious

48 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915,

beyond the power of money to buy,” especially as her speech is the most archaic of all the Chumashan dialects. For the convenience of his field studies Mr. Harrington has established headquarters at Los Angeles, where he has been granted the facilities of the Southwest Museum by the courtesy of its officials.

SPECIAL RESEARCHES.

The preparation of the second volume of the “ Handbook of American Indian Languages,’ under the editorship of Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philologist, has progressed slowly, on account of the impossibility of sending proofs to Russia, where the author of the . section on the Chukchee and Eskimo resides. The chapter on Siuslaw, by Dr. Frachtenberg, has been corrected and made up in pages, forming pages 431 to 605 of the second volume. At the begin- ning of the year Dr. Boas concluded his collection of Kutenai material, which was studied preliminary to the writing of the gram- mar of this language. The texts collected by him were written out, and the completed manuscript, consisting of 263 pages of Indian texts and 269 pages of translation, has been submitted and set in type, forming 125 galleys. The texts include some material collected by the late Dr. A. F. Chamberlain, which was acquired by the bureau and was revised by Dr. Boas.

Much time has been spent by Dr. Boas in work on his memoir, “Tsimshian Mythology,” to accompany the thirty-first annual re- port. During the fiscal year 1913-14 the tales themselves had been set up. During the year now under consideration the manuscript of the discussion of this material was completed and put in type; it forms pages 394 to 867 of the annual report. In the mechanical work of preparing the manuscript Dr. Boas was assisted by Miss H. A. Andrews, who, besides the preparation of manuscript and proof reading, did much of the laborious work of extracting and collating material needed for the investigation.

The manuscript on Eskimo mythology, intrusted to Waldemar Bogoras and accepted for publication, together with an introduction by Mr. Ernest Hawkes, is held in abeyance, owing to the impossibility at the present time of communicating with the author in Russia.

Dr. L. J. Frachtenberg, special ethnologist, left Washington on July 6, 1914, going directly to Oregon for the purpose of concluding his investigations of the language, mythology, and culture of the Kalapuya Indians, commenced during the previous fiscal year. After a short trip to the Siletz and Grand Ronde Agencies in north- western Oregon for the purpose of interviewing all available inform- ants, he proceeded to Chemawa, Oreg., where he conducted his Kala- puya investigations until December, and completed them at the Grand Ronde Agency between December 13 and 20, which time was

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 49

spent chiefly in the collection of linguistic material for a comparative study of the Kalapuya dialects. Special attention was given to the Yamhill and Yonkalla variations. Dr. Frachtenberg’s field work proved highly successful. He obtained 30 myths, tales, historical narratives, and ethnographic descriptions, told in the various Kala- puya dialects, an unusually large amount of grammatical notes, sufli- cient material for a linguistic map showing the original distribution of the several Kalapuya dialects, and some data on Kalapuya eth- nology. A glance at this material reveals some interesting facts: The Kalapuya Indians in former times were the most powerful and numerous family of Oregon. They claimed the whole of the fertile valley of the Willamette, extending from the Coast Range to the Cas- cade Mountains, their settlements reaching as far north as the pres- ent Portland and as far south as the middle course of Umpqua River, an area of approximately 12,000 square miles. These Indians were placed on the Grand Ronde Reservation in 1857, at the close of the Rogue River war. Previous tribal wars and frequent epidemics of smallpox and other infectious diseases have reduced the Kalapuya tribes to such an extent that Dr. Frachtenberg has found but a mere handful of survivors, hence the time is not far off when the stock will become extinct.

The Kalapuya family embraces a large number of tribes, the most important of which are: (1) Atfalati (or Wapato Lake), living formerly on the banks of the Tualatin River; (2) Yamhill, claiming the banks of the river of the same name; (8) Lakmayuk, who ob- tained their name from the river Luckiamute; (4) Marys River (Calapooia proper), whose settlements were situated along the banks of the Calapooia and Marys Rivers; (5) Yonkalla, the most south- erly Kalapuya tribe; (6) Ahantsayuk, also called Pudding River Indians; and (7) Santiam, who formerly lived on the banks of Santiam River. These tribes speak varieties of the Kalapuya lan- guage, which show remarkable lexicographic diversities. Morpho- logical differentiations exist also, but are chiefly of a phonetic nature. All differences between the dialects seem to have been caused by a geographic distribution, resulting in the three subdivisions men- tioned in the last annual report. Long and continued contact of the Kalapuya Indians with white settlers has resulted in a complete breaking down of the native culture and mode of living; conse- quently the ethnologic data obtainable were very meager and in most cases were given as information obtained through hearsay.

In the early part of January Dr. Frachtenberg made a short trip to the Siletz Agency for the purpose of settling a few questions per- taining to Alsea phonetics. In view of the fact that the allotment made for his field researches during the fiscal year became exhausted Dr. Frachtenberg was obliged to remain in the field until the close

18618°—sm 1915——4

50 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915,

of June. On January 15 he resumed the work of preparing a gram- matical sketch of the Alsea language, which was finished late in May; this consists of 158 sections, approximating 600 manuscript pages. During June he was engaged in typewriting this grammati- cal sketch, which will be published in part 2 of the “ Handbook of American Indian Languages.”

In addition to his field investigations Dr. Frachtenberg corrected the proofs of his grammatical sketch of the Siuslaw language, spe- cial attention being given to the insertion of the proper references taken from his Lower Umpqua texts, printed in the Columbia Uni- versity Contributions to Anthropology.

Mr. W. H. Holmes continued the preparation of the “ Handbook of American Antiquities’ whenever his exacting duties in behalf of the National Museum permitted. Part 1 of this work is well advanced toward completion; much attention has been given to part 2, and the preparation of the numerous illustrations is well in hand.

During the month of July, Mr. Gerard Fowke was engaged, under instructions from the bureau, in making limited archeological in- vestigations in northeastern Kansas and southeastern Nebraska, the purpose of which was to ascertain the value of certain recent deter- minations regarding the age of the prehistoric aboriginal occupancy of this region. Respecting the large mounds, the age of which has been under discussion, Mr. Fowke reports that three points must be taken into consideration in fixing a definite age for these remains, as follows:

1. The relics found in and around the lodge sites, except for the markings on some of the pottery, are in no wise different from those found on the sites of villages which were occupied when Lewis and Clark came through here.

2. Fairly solid bones of animals, and occasionally human bones, are found in the bottoms of the lodge sites, even where these are damp most of the year. In the pits, where such remains are preserved by ashes, this would not mean much; but where they are found in clayey earth it is evident that ‘‘ thousands of years” is a meaningless term to apply to them.

3. Persons who claim these “ thousands of years” for pretty much everything they find in the ground, must explain why it is that while the bones and imple- ments of these assumed “ ancients”? are found in such quantities and in such good preservation, those of later Indians should have entirely disappeared.

The only tenable theory of age is the amount of accumulation in the depres- sions of the lodge sites. Above the clay which formed the roof, and is next to the floor now, is a depth of material sometimes, it is said, as much as 20 or even 22 inches of mingled silt, decayed vegetation, and soil from the sur- rounding wall. It is used as an argument of age; that as these sites are on hilltops where there can be no inwash, this depth must indicate a very remote period for their construction. But a large amount of the earth thrown out into the surrounding ring or wall will find its way back into the depression. The water will stand in them a good part of the year, and the soil remain damp even in prolonged drought; vegetation is thus more luxuriant than on the out- side, and its decay will fill up rather rapidly. In addition, much sand blows

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 51

from the prairies as well as from the bottom lands, and whatever finds its way into the pit will stay there; it will not blow away again, as it would in open ground. Weeds also will catch and retain much of this dust, which would pass on over a dry surface. Consequently the allowance of an inch in a century, which is the most that advocates of great age will allow for accumu- lation, is too small.

The topography of the region was essentially the same when these remains were constructed as it is now. ‘The hills and valleys were as they now exist; the erosion has been very slight as compared with that which has taken place since the loess was brought above the water to which it owes its origin. This statement is fully proved by the position of the mounds and lodge sites. Any estimate of age must be only conjecture at best; but it is safe to say that no earthwork, mound, lodge site, or human bones along this part of the Missouri River has been here as long as 10 centuries.

With regard to the discoveries of human remains at exceptional depths in loess formations on Longs Hill, near Omaha, Mr. Fowke states that excavation of the site has been so exhaustive that further investigations are out of the question, and that determinations of age, therefore, must rest, in the main at least, with the published state- ments of the original explorers.

During recent years observers have reported the existence of mounds and other evidences of prehistoric occupancy in western Utah; these reports, however, contained little definite information regarding the character of existing ruins and described only briefly the artifacts associated with them. The possible relationship of such remains with those of the ancient pueblo dwellers of Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado suggested the necessity of a preliminary examination of the western Utah field, with the view of determining the nature and range of former settlements, and also the desirability of more detailed investigations. This work of reconnoissance was commenced by the bureau in May and extended through the close of the fiscal year, the field observations being made by Mr. Neil M. Judd, of the National Museum. A group of small mounds near Wil- lard, on the northeastern shore of Great Salt Lake, were first exam- ined. Many other mounds in this locality have been completely destroyed by cultivation during recent years, and of those remaining all show modifications resulting from recent tillage. Four mounds were selected for special investigation, and from these sufficient in- formation was gathered to indicate the chief characteristics of the primitive dwellings over which the mounds had accumulated.

Following the work at Willard, an examination was made of certain well-defined mounds on the outskirts of Beaver City, in Beaver County, where three house sites of the Willard type were found in close proximity to larger mounds containing groups of dwellings. Two weeks’ work resulted in the complete excavation of one house group comprising 16 rooms and the partial examination of a still larger group. The Beaver mounds, like those at Willard,

52 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

have resulted from the gradual accumulation of drifting sand and dust over the fallen walls of more or less permanent dwellings. Un- like the isolated structures at Willard, however, the mounds at Beaver City disclosed groups of associated rooms, arranged with some degree of regularity and exhibiting a certain unity of purpose. In each of the two groups studied, small series of contiguous rooms were uncovered, but the majority were single compartments sepa- rated from the other dwellings by varying distances. The walls of these primitive dwellings at Beaver were built of adobe, sometimes placed in wide layers but more often forming a solid mass. No open- ings that could be identified definitely as doors were found in any of these walls; this fact, together with the comparative abundance of circular stone slabs, leads to the belief that entrance to the dwellings was gained through roof openings which could be closed with the stone disks. Post holes in several floors, with charred fragments of cedar logs, and masses of clay bearing impressions of logs, willows, and grass, give a fairly complete indication as to the nature of the roof construction. Large timbers crossed in the direction of the shorter dimensions, their ends resting upon the side walls of the rooms; when necessary these were supported by upright timbers. The roof beams in turn supported lesser timbers with layers of wil- lows and grass. Layers of clay, varying in thickness from 1 inch to 6 inches with the unevenness of roof materials, covered the grass, thus completing a truly substantial shelter.

Four small mounds, similar to those at Beaver City, were excavated at Paragonah, in Iron County. These contained one room only, but there are larger mounds in the vicinity whose superficial indications suggest as many if not more rooms than the group at Beaver. Twenty years ago, it is reported, there were about 100 mounds in this vicinity; to-day more than half of them have disappeared through cultivation of the soil.

A brief examination was made by Mr. Judd of several house sites overlooking the Rio Virgen, near St. George, in the extreme south- western corner of the State. From this village eastward to Kanab only a few mounds were noted, although cowboys reported the exist- ence of others in the vicinity of Short Creek, on the Utah-Arizona line.

From Kanab as a base, the mounds in Johnson Canyon and the small cliff houses in Cottonwood Canyon were visited and partially examined. From superficial observations the former were judged to contain the remains of house structures similar to those at Beaver and Paragonah, although the availability of suitable stone for build- ing purposes has resulted in its partial substitution for adobe, with certain accompanying structural modifications.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 538

Several caves in Cottonwood Canyon 12 miles westward from Kanab contained evidences of human occupancy. The walls of nearly all bear pictographs of more than ordinary interest, and three of the caves visited sheltered the remains of small dwellings, the most interesting of which is a group of four detached rooms and one cir- cular kiva. The walls of these are of stone with a rather greater pro- portion of mud plaster than is common in cliff dwellings of the Southwest. ‘The ceremonial room measures 14 feet in diameter, but, except in its lack of recesses, does not differ greatly from similar structures in ruins previously reported throughout the San Juan drainage.

Mr. Judd’s preliminary observations among a limited number of ruins in western Utah indicate the former existence of a people whose dwellings developed in natural sequence from single earth-covered shelters, such as those at Willard, to groups of more permanent _ structures like those at Beaver, Paragonah, and elsewhere, and finally to allied cliff houses similar to those in Cottonwood Canyon. The construction of these several types of houses and the character of the artifacts found in them point to close relationship between their builders and the better-known pre-Puebloan peoples of New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado. Whether these primitive structures in Utah actually antedate the communal dwellings in the States named or whether they represent an offshoot from the more highly developed Pueblo culture is a point not yet determined. The relationship is certain, however, and future investigation may be expected to deter- mine its limits. It is hoped that the opportunity to continue this investigation may soon be afforded, as the progress of agriculture in most of the areas investigated by Mr. Judd is resulting in the rapid disappearance of all superficial evidences of aboriginal occu- pancy.

En route to Washington from Utah, Mr. Judd spent a day at the so- called “Spanish diggings,” the ancient quarries in Wyoming where generations of western Indians quarried the flint and chert utilized in the manufacture of various weapons and household implements.

Excellent progress has been made in the study and analysis of Indian music, to which subject Miss Frances Densmore has devoted special attention. The principal work in this direction has been the completion of the manuscript on “ Teton Sioux Music,” consisting of 1,067 pages, in addition to transcriptions of 240 songs and about 100 illustrations. This material was submitted in June for publica- tion. Miss Densmore also made considerable progress in the prepa- ration of a paper on the music of the Ute Indians, 92 pages of manu- script, 28 transcriptions of songs, 11 analyses of songs, and 8 original photographic illustrations being submitted. This work is not yet finished.

54 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

Mr. D. I. Bushnell, jr., has continued the preparation of the “Handbook of Aboriginal Remains East of the Mississippi,” under a small allotment by the bureau for this purpose, and has made steady progress. During the year circulars were addressed to county offi- cials in those sections from which no information had been received, and good results were obtained. The thanks of the bureau are due Mr. Arthur C. Parker, State archeologist of New York, for a large body of valuable data regarding the archeological sites in New York, and to Mr. Warren K. Moorehead, of Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., for similar information respecting aboriginal remains in the State of Maine, derived from his personal observations.

Mr. James R. Murie, as opportunity offered, continued his studies of the ceremonies of the Pawnee Indians, under a small allotment by the bureau. During the year Mr. Murie submitted, as a result of these investigations, a manuscript of 266 pages on “The New Fire Ceremony ” of the Pawnee.

Dr. A. L. Kroeber, of the University of California, has made good progress in the preparation of the “ Handbook of the Indians of California.” At the inception of this work it was believed prac- ticable to confine the treatment to a very limited number of pages. By reason of the great diversity in the languages and the culture of the Indians of California, past and present, however, it was found that no adequate treatment of the subject was possible within the limits originally prescribed, consequently the handbook when pub- lished will comprise approximately 200 pages. Dr. Kroeber expects to submit the manuscript in readiness for publication in the early part of 1916.

The “ List of Works Relating to Hawaii” has been added to from time to time by the surviving compiler, Prof. Howard M. Ballou, of Honolulu. Mr. Felix Neumann has devoted attention to its edi- torial revision, but it was found at the close of the year that much work of a mechanical nature remained to be done before plans for publication could be completed.

- MANUSCRIPTS.

As in the past the valuable collection of manuscripts of the bureau has been in the immediate custody of Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, whose work in this direction was considerably increased by reason of the necessity of returning the manuscripts to the newly fireproofed room in the north tower of the Smithsonian building and reclassifying them. For the first time the manuscripts of the bureau, which now number about 1,700 items, many of which are of priceless value, are believed to be safe from possible fire, being contained in steel cases or on steel shelves, surrounded by brick, cement, and terra-cotta walls, floor, and ceiling. In addition to manuscripts submitted for imme-

. j f ; ;

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 55

diate publication or elsewhere referred to in this report, the follow- ing accessions were made during the year:

Laguna Indian Dictionary. Deposited by the wife and son of the late John B. Dunbar, of Bloomfield, N. J. :

Dr. A. L. Kroeber. Forty-nine Arapaho and Gros Ventre notebooks, six packages of slips containing an Arapaho vocabulary, and a carbon copy of a study of Arapaho dialects.

War record of Sitting Bull, depicted in 55 pictographs, with a letter of authentication. Deposited by Dr. D. 8S. Lamb, of the Army Medical Museum.

J. P. Dunn. The third part of the translation of the anonymous Miami- Peoria Dictionary, the original of which is in the John Carter Brown Library at Providence, R. I.; 86 pages, Assomer to Bercer.

Photostat copy of “A Grammar of the Pottewatomy Language,” by Rev. Maurice Gailland, the original of which is in possession of St. Mary’s College at St. Marys, Kans.; 452 pages.

Note should here be made of the great usefulness of the photostat apparatus acquired by the bureau during the last fiscal year, which has enabled the photographic copying at slight cost of various manu- scripts, field notes, and rare books and pamphlets needed for refer- ence in the researches of the bureau. , These copies have been made in the photographic laboratory of the bureau by Mr. Albert Sweeney, assistant to Mr. De Lancey Gill, illustrator.

PUBLICATIONS.

The editorial work of the bureau has been continued by Mr. J. G. Gurley, editor, who from time to time has been assisted by Mrs. Frances 8. Nichols. The publications issued during the year were:

Bulletin 46. “ Byington’s Choctaw Dictionary,” edited by John R. Swanton and Henry 8. Halbert.

Bulletin 58. “ List of Publications of the Bureau,” which appeared in August, 1914, with a second impression in May, 1915.

Miscellaneous publications:

No. 10. Circular of Information Regarding Indian Popular Names.

No. 11. Map of Linguistic Families of American Indians North of Mexico. This map, which is a revision of the linguistic map published in Bulletin 30 (Handbook of American Indians), was reprinted in advance from the plate in the report on “Indian Population in the United States and Alaska,” subse- quently published by the Bureau of the Census.

No. 12. List of Indian words denoting “man,” prepared in placard form for use in the Smithsonian exhibit at the Panama-Pacific Exposition.

The status of other publications now in press is as follows:

Twenty-ninth annual report. The “accompanying paper” of this report is “The Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians,’ by J. P. Harrington, a work presenting many technical difficulties. The solution of these was retarded by the illness of the author, which resulted in his incapacity for several months to deal with the various questions arising in connection with the.text. The read- ing of the proof has been carried forward as rapidly as circumstances would permit, and at this time the entire report is paged with exception of the list of

56 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

place names, 2,650 in number, and the index. Considerable progress has been made in the final reading of the page proof. The number of pages in the vol- ume (estimated) will be 660, with 21 plates, 81 maps, and 1 diagram.

Thirtieth annual report. This report, which contains as ‘“ accompanying papers ” ‘The Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians,” by Mrs. M. C. Stevenson, and “Animism and Folklore of the Guiana Indians,” by Walter E. Roth, has been “made up” and read through three page proofs. At the end of the year the report (458 pages) was practically ready for the bindery.

Thirty-first annual report. With this report is incorporated a memoir on “Msimshian Mythology,” by Dr. Franz Boas. Of this material less than half (865 pages) had been paged at the beginning of the fiscal year. With the progress of the work a large amount of new matter has been inserted, necessi- tating considerable revision from time to time and the reading of several gal- ley and page proofs of the greater part of the memoir. At this writing the make-up has been carried through page 682, and Dr. Boas looks forward to paging the remaining material at an early day. The memoir will contain in all about 850 pages, with 3 plates and 24 text figures.

Thirty-second annual report. The memoir accompanying this report is en- titled “ Seneca Fiction, Legends, and Myths,” the material of which was col- lected by the late Jeremiah Curtin and J. N. B. Hewitt and edited by the latter. The manuscript reached the bureau for publication about the middle of October and when the fiscal year closed more than one-fourth (82 galleys) had been set up. The number of pages will approximate 900.

Bulletin 40. ‘‘ Handbook of American Indian Languages,’ part 2 (Boas). During the year two sections of the above-named handbook have received atten- tion—the Chukchee (Bogoras) and the Siuslaw (Frachtenberg). After the former had been put into page form to the extent of 50 pages work thereon had to be suspended by reason of the impossibility of communicating with the author of the section, who is in Russia. The Siuslaw section (75 galleys) is now at the Government Printing Office for paging. Two of the “ illustrative sketches ” of part 2 of this bulletin, namely, Takelma (Sapir), 298 pages, and Coos (lrachtenberg), 183 pages, have already appeared in separate form.

Bulletin 55. “'The Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians” (Robbins, Harrington, and Freire-Marreco). After the manuscript of this bulletin had been prepared by the other authors here named and had passed into galley proof, Miss Freire-Marreco incorporated therewith additional material to the extent of greatly enlarging and practically recasting the memoir. Subsequently, on account of the Huropean war it was found impracticable to get from Miss Freire-Marreco the proof sent to her for correction and in the absence of her revision the task of putting the bulletin into final form has proved difficult. Half of the material, however, has been paged and it will be possible to com- plete the work in the near future.

Bulletin 57. “An Introduction to the Study of the Maya Hieroglyphs” (Mor- ley). The first proof of this publication bearing the author’s corrections reached the bureau the middle of September. Since then two additional proofs have been revised, the character of the material being such as to require great eare and exactness in the work. The author is now engaged in a final reading of the pages. Unfortunately the progress of the work has been delayed several months by his absence in Central America. The volume will contain, when completed, about 320 pages, with 32 plates and 85 figures.

Bulletin 59. “ Kutenai Tales” (Boas and Chamberlain), The manuscript of this bulletin was received in March and, after being edited, was placed in the hands of the Public Printer. By the middle of June the first proof, complete (125 galleys), had been forwarded to Dr. Boas.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 57

Bulletin 61. “Teton Sioux Music” (Densmore). The material of this bulle- tin, comprising 1,067 pages of manuscript, and copy for 80 plates, 20 text figures, and 263 folios of music, was approved for publication in June, too late for inclusion by the Printing Office under the bureau’s allotment for this fiscal year.

As during the last few years, the correspondence arising from the large demand for the publications of the bureau has been in the im- mediate charge of Miss Helen Munroe and Mr. E. L. Springer, of the Smithsonian Institution, assisted during part of the year by Mr. Thomas F. Clark, jr., and later by Mr. William A. Humphrey. The distribution has been made, in accordance with law, by the superin- tendent of documents on order of the bureau. The total number of publications issued during the fiscal year was 10,185, distributed as follows:

JSSaWOACEYL, CHR LOY eS SEE ata ass 5 eal SN Dt Mi lay el cd aS pena i= aera 1, 239 ne tis ae Se Se PTA coer Ee eee ibs Lt IS 8, 515 Contributions to North American) Hthnology222 3) 228) te 25 NT OCMC PIONS = Mem Te ne Ean hea PO RS So reel i wy IB se eel ee see te 8 MISCelam COS eet es ween weak Mere nie Eb eM ot MIN ee ee a le 398

PAR Gy fren een Ee i bes oe ae OY 2 eS. 2 ey ot 10, 185

This total shows a decrease of 2,634 volumes in comparison with the year 1913-14, due largely to the retention in the transmission of certain publications to Europe by reason of the war.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

The preparation of illustrations for the publications of the bureau and of photographic portraits of the members of visiting Indian deputations has continued in charge of Mr. De Lancey Gill, illus- trator, assisted by Mr. Albert Sweeney. The photographic work during the year may be classed as follows:

Portrait negatives of visiting delegations (Crow, Osage, Chippewa, and

SOUT VERIDCS)) sa tS EE IE Sev eee ae PT 10 Negatives of ethnologie subjects to illustrate publications___________ 52 Development of negatives exposed by field parties___._._-________________ 548 Photographic prints for distribution and for office use_______-___-_-__ 690 Photographic prints for publication and for office use______________._____ 120 Ehororraphierprints for exhibition, PULPOSES=. = ee ee ee eee 115 Small photographic prints distributed chiefly for scientific purposes______ 850 Drawinesaprepared for IMsStrationS 3222 se a ee ee 30 Photostat copies (pages) of books and manuscripts________________ 1, 452

In addition Mr. Gill gave the usual attention to the critical exami- nation of engraver’s proofs of illustrations designed for the publica- tions of the bureau, submitted by the Public Printer.

In the last report mention was made of a series of photographs of Indian subjects that has been exhibited successively by the New York Public Library, the Library Commission of Indiana, and the Providence Public Library. In September, 1914, in response to the

58 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

request of the Public Library of Haverhill, Mass., this series of pic- tures was sent for public exhibition in that library. In addition, collections of photographs of Indian subjects, designed to illustrate in part the work of the bureau, were sent for exhibition at the Pan- ama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco and at the Panama-Califor- nia Exposition in San Diego.

LIBRARY.

The reference library of the bureau has been in the continuous charge of Miss Ella Leary, librarian, assisted by Mrs. Ella Slaughter until her death on November 1, 1914, and subsequently by Charles B. Newman, messenger boy. During the year 997 books were acces- sioned, but of this number only 448 were newly acquired, the remain- der being represented by the binding and by entry on the records of serial publications that had been in possession of the bureau for some time. Of these accessions 138 volumes were acquired by pur- chase and 310 by gift or through exchange. The serial publications currently received number about 700, of which only 17 are obtained by subscription, the remainder being received by exchange of the bureau’s reports and bulletins. Of pamphlets, 294 were acquired. The number of volumes bound was 678. The library contained 20,237 volumes, 13,188 pamphlets, and several thousand unbound periodicals at the close of the year. The number of books borrowed trom the Library of Congress for the use of the staff of the bureau in prosecuting their researches was about 450.

The new steel bookstacks in the eastern end of the main hall of the Smithsonian building, referred to in the last annual report, were finished and placed at the disposal of the bureau in August, when the work of reinstallation of the library was undertaken by the librarian and promptly carried to completion. The facilities afforded by the new stacks are an improvement over those of the old hbrary equip- ment, while safety is greatly increased.

COLLECTIONS.

The following collections were acquired by the bureau or by mem- bers of its staff and transferred to the National Museum, as required by law:

Model of Cherokee packing basket from the Hast Cherokee Reservation, Swain County, N. C. Collected by James Mooney, Bureau of American Ethnology. (57699. )

179 archeological objects from the lower Mimbres Valley and an earthenware vase from Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico. Collected by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, Bureau of American Ethnology. (57777.)

Three stone figurines from the Tewa Indians of New Mexico. Collected by Mrs. M. C. Stevenson, Bureau of American Ethnology. (58129.)

Snipe flute of the Sioux Indians. Received from Rev. A. McG. Beede, of North Dakota. (58254.)

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 59

Five archeological objects from Virginia. Gift of Dr. W. B. Barham, of New- soms, Va.; and a necklace presented by Mrs. J. R. Kello and her daughter, Miss Hattie Kello. (58177.)

PROPERTY.

The most valuable property of the bureau consists of its library (of which brief statistics have been given), a collection of unpub- lished manuscripts, and several thousand photographic negatives. Comparatively little of this material could be duplicated. The other property of the bureau is described in general terms in the last annual report. The total cost of furniture, typewriters, and other apparatus acquired during the fiscal year was $553.35.

MISCELLANEOUS.

QUARTERS.

The quarters of the bureau have been improved by the completion of the library bookstacks, previously referred to, and the installation of additional electric lights in the library and in one of the office

rooms. PERSON NEL.

The personnel of the bureau has been changed by the appointment of Mr. John P. Harrington, ethnologist, on February 20; the death of Mrs. Matilda Coxe Stevenson, ethnologist, on June 24; the death of Mrs. Ella Slaughter, classified laborer, on November 1, 1914; the transfer of Thomas F. Clark, jr., to the National Museum; the ap- pointment of William Humphrey, stenographer and typewriter; and the appointment of Dennis Sullivan, messenger boy. The corre- spondence of the bureau and other clerical work has been conducted with the assistance of three clerks and a stenographer and typewriter.

Respectfully submitted. IF. W. Hopes,

Ethnologist-in-C harge. Dr. Cuartes D. Watcort, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

APPENDIX 3. REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the oper- ations of the International Exchange Service during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915:

The system of international exchanges is based on the convention and the resolutions of Congress briefly referred to below:

Convention between the United States and several other countries for the international exchange of official documents and scientific and literary publications, concluded at Brussels in 1886 and pro- claimed by the President of the United States in 1889. (Stat., X XV, 1465.) (Since the ratification of this convention, several additional Governments have signified their adherence thereto; while a number of other countries, though they have not officially adhered to the con- vention, have established international exchange bureaus.)

Resolution providing for the exchange of certain public documents, approved March 2, 1867. (Stat., XIV, 573.) This resolution pro- vides that 50 copies of all documents printed by order of either House of Congress, and also 50 copies of all publications issued by any bureau or department of the Government, shall be placed at the dis- posal of the Joint Committee on the Library for exchange with for- eign countries through the agency of the Smithsonian Institution.

Joint resolution to regulate the distribution of public documents to the Library of Congress for its own use and for international ex- change, approved March 2, 1901. (Stat., XX XI, 1464.) By this resolution it is provided that, in heu of the 50 copies of the publica- tions referred to in the above-mentioned resolution, there shall be placed at the disposal of the Library of Congress for its own use and for international exchange 62 copies of such documents, with the privilege, at the request of the Librarian, of enlarging this number to 100.

Joint resolution for the purpose of more fully carrying into effect the convention concluded at Brussels in 1886 in reference to the im- mediate exchange of the official journal, approved March 4, 1909. (Stat., XX XV, 1169.) This resolution provides that such number as may be required, not exceeding 100 copies, of the daily issue of

60

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 61

the Congressional Record shall be supplied to the Library of Con- gress for distribution, through the Smithsonian Institution, to the legislative chambers of such foreign Governments as may agree to send to the United States current copies of their parliamentary record or like publication.

The estimate submitted for the support of the service during 1915 was $32,200, including the allotment for printing and binding, and this amount was granted by Congress. The repayments from private and departmental sources for the transportation of exchanges ag- gregated $4,819.41, making the total available resources for carrying on the Exchange Service $37,019.41.

During the year 1915 the total number of packages handled was 275,756, a decrease of 65,911, as compared with the preceding year. The weight of these packages was 367,854 pounds, a decrease of 199,181 pounds. These decreases were caused by the suspension of shipments to a number of countries on account of the European war, as explained below.

The number and weight of the packages of different classes are indicated in the following table:

Packages. Weight. Sent. |Received.) Sent. |Received. Pounds. | Pounds. United States parliamentary documents sent abroad........-.-. 135; O50)|ssoecnce2 CEA 26) yo Jka os oe Publicationsreceived in return for parliamentary documents....|........-. PRA eSeee sence 5,817 United States departmental documents sent abroad............ 13; Ga4uleecrecee a 14 54Gb eeetee era Publicationsreceived in return for departmental documents. ....|.........- 4 O7G64|- vs Sea 9,389 Miscellaneousscientific and literary publications sent abroad ...| 39,164 |.......... 80448 et ee Miscellaneous scientific and literary publications received from abroad for distribution in the United States...................]...----.-- ONG 2 Tal eosse eee ee 52,525 MOA ESS ciskiwe sscesisimaae ceios as asiges ce eet docacccecectee te. 247, 848 27,908 | 300,123 67,731 Grandtotaliee ss tare eat Naas er ee 275, 756 367, 854

It should be added that the disparity between the number of pack- ages dispatched and those received in behalf of the Government is not so great as indicated by these figures. Packages sent abroad usually contain only a single publication each, while those received in return often comprise many volumes. In the case of publications received in exchange for parliamentary documents and some others the term “package” is applied to large boxes containing a hundred or more publications. No lists of these are made in the Exchange Office, as the boxes are forwarded to their destinations unopened. It is also a fact that many returns for publications sent abroad reach their des- tinations direct by mail and not through the Exchange Service.

62 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

Of the 1,653 boxes used in forwarding exchanges to foreign agen- cies for distribution, 220 contained full sets of United States official documents for authorized depositories and 1,433 were filled with departmental and other publications for depositories of partial sets and for miscellaneous correspondents. The total number of boxes sent abroad during 1915 was 812 less than the preceding year. This decrease was due to the suspended shipments to certain countries owing to the inability of the Institution to secure transportation facilities for forwarding consignments to the various exchange agen- cies, which condition has been brought about by the European war.

Owing to the disturbed conditions which existed in Europe and the interruption to transportation facilities, shipments to ali European countries were suspended during August and a part of September, 1914. On September 17 transmissions were resumed to Great Brit- ain, and during the month of October to Denmark, Holland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden. Through the courtesy of the minister of the Netherlands at Washington, arrangements were made to send consignments to Switzerland by way of Rotterdam, and transmissions to that country were resumed on November 2. On December 8 shipments were resumed to Greece, and on January 23 to France. At the close of the fiscal year, therefore, the only coun- tries to which shipments were not being made were Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Montenegro, Roumania, Russia, Ser- bia, and Turkey. Steps are being taken through the Department of State to send exchanges for Germany to the American consul general at Rotterdam for reforwarding to the German exchange agency in Berlin, and it is hoped that the exchange of publications with Germany will be resumed at an early date. Through the assistance of the De- partment of State, arrangements have also been made for the for- warding of exchange consignments from Germany to the United States through the American consul general at Rotterdam.

The Russian Commission of International Exchanges was ap- proached with a view to sending exchange consignments to Petrograd by way of Archangel during the summer months, but the commis- sion replied that, as the route in question presents so many difficul- ties and is so encumbered, it would prefer not to make use of it, and not to renew the sendings until after the conclusion of peace and the reestablishment of the regular communications.

The number of boxes sent to each foreign country and the dates of transmission are shown in the following table:

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 63

Consignments of exchanges for foreign countries.

Country.

IMRGENTINA So 0o-5=scesctecsiee

J\COfS TA Wg RN a en see A IBENGIUM Jt. -seec succes ce sec ese IB OLIVTARSE A 2 ae eee cece Sees

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Ode ALOE OY C10 ioe a a a ee GUATEMALA........ So Rees TERA yepe ts See Dea Ve ee HIONDURAS sos .so. tes 5328552

LOURENGO MARQUEZ......-.-. MANTTOB ARS Po taace ft Fe

NEw SoutH WALES..........

INEWaZ BALAND Ya32 oacccncoosd INT@AGDA GUM se octane sisrcee NOR WAYS ib 3l. Nie

Date of transmission.

July 16, Sept. 9, Nov. 17, Dec. 17, 1914; Jan. 27, Feb. 26, Apr. 22, May 20, Jane 22, 1915.

July 8, 1914.1

July 11, 1914.2

Oct. 8, Dec. 10,1914; Jan. 28, May 10, June 16, 1915.

July 16, 20, Oct. 19, Noy. 18, 20, Dec. 17, 1914; Jan. 27, Feb. 26, Apr. 22, May 20, June 22, 1915.

July 31, Sept. 17, 25, Oct. 26, Nov. 7, Dec. 5, 1914; Jan. 2, 16, 23, Feb. 6, Mar. 8, 20, Apr. 20, May 1, 29, June 12, 19, 1915.

Oct. 31, 1914; Mar. 12, May 7, 1915.

July 20, Nov. 20, 1914; Jan. 21, Mar. 31, May 29, 1915.

July 16, Oct. 19, Nov. 18, Dec. 17, 1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 26, Apr. 23, May 20, June 22, 1915.

Oct. 28, Nov. 4, 1914; Jan. 2,30, Mar. 2, Apr. 12, May 13, June 12, 1915.

Oct. 20, Dec. 17, 1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 27, May 15, June 16, 1915.

Oct. 21, Dec. 17, 1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 27, May 5, June 16, 19]5.

July 20, Nov. 20, 1914; Jan. 21, Mar. 31, May 29, 1915.

July 24, Oct. 10, Nov. 12, Dec. 14, 1914; Jan. 14, Feb. 20, Mar. 30, May 4, June 4, 1915.

Oct. 31, Dec. 17, 1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 27, May 5, June 16, 1915.

July 24, Nov. 16, 1914; Jan. 12, May 22, June 23, 1915.

July 3, 1914; Jan. 23, Feb. 23, Apr. 30, May 14, 29, June 14, 1915.

July 7, 1914.1

July 3, 11, 18, 31, Sept. 17, 25, Oct. 26, Nov. 7, 23, Dec. 5, 12, 19, 26, 1914; Jan. 2, 9, 16, 23,30, Feb. 6, 13, Mar. 12, 27, Apr. 20, 24, May 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, June 5, 12, 19, 26, 1919.

Oct. 9, Dec. 8, 1914; Mar. 13, May 10, June 22, 1915.

Oct. 31, 1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 27, May 7, June 17, 1915.

July 20, Nov. 20, 1914; Jan. 21, Mar. 31, May 29, 1915.

Oct. 31, 1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 27, May 7, June 17, 1915.

July 8, 1914.1

July 3, 16, 31, Sept. 17, 25, Oct. 26, Nov. 7, Dec. 5, 26, 1914; Jan. 16, 30, Feb. 6, 13, Mar. 8, 20, Apr. 10, 24, May 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, June 12, 19, 26, 1915.

July 18, Oct. 7, Nov. 12, Dec. 11, 1914; Jan. 13, Feb. 12, Mar. 11, Apr. 12, May 11, 25, June 11, 25, 1915.

Oct. 8, Dec. 8, 1914; Jan. 28, Mar. 12, May 10, June 22, 1915.

July 15, Nov. 28, Dec. 22, 1914; Jan. 26, Feb. 26, May 4, June 4, 1915. .

Jan. 2, Mar. 12, May 12, June 22, 1915.

July 24, Nov. 16, 1914; Mar. 12, May 12, 1915.

Dec. 10,1914; Mar. 10, 1915.

July 20, Nov. 20, 1914; Jan. 21, Mar. 31, May 29, 1915.

July 20, Nov. 20,1914; Jan. 21, Mar. 31, May 29, 1915.

Oct. 12, Nov. 3, Dec. 9, 1914; Jan. 6, Feb. 10, Mar. 10, Apr. 13, May 13, 27, June 14, 26, 1915.

July 14, Oct. 2, Nov. 14, Dec. 15, 1914; Feb. 24, Apr. 8, May 8, June 8, 1915.

July 14, Oct. 2, Nov. 14,1914; Feb. 24, Apr.9, May 8, June 8, 1915,

Oct. 31, 1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 27, May 7, June 17, 1915.

July 24, Oct. 10, Nov. 12, Dec. 14, 1914; Jan. 14, Feb. 20, Mar. 30, May 4, June 4, 1915.

1 Shipments temporarily suspended on account of the European war.

64 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

Consigninents of exchanges for foreign countries—Continued.

Num- Country. ber of Date of transmission. boxes.

ONTARION aaa ee een errno 5 | July 20, Nov. 20, 1914; Jan. 21, Mar. 31, May 29, 1915.

PALESTINE $45.1) saacocsemen eae 1 | June 30, 1915.

PARAGUAY vos cecso sce =aeiaee 6 | Oct. 31, Dec. 4, 1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 27, Mar. 12, May 5, 1915.

IP ER Use ene ot tne sc ee eee eee 19 | July 16, Oct. 20, Nov. 18, Dec. 17, 1914; Feb. 27, Apr. 20, May 20, June 22, 1915.

IRORTU GAT 2.5 dc bere csaiteceteeee 16 | July 24, Oct. 9, Nov. 12, Dec. 14, 1914; Feb. 20, Mar. 30, May 4, June 4, 1915.

QUERBE CANS. eee eee ree 5 | July 20, Nov. 20,1914; Jan. 21, Mar. 31, May 29, 1915.

QUEENSGAND® «- -o- scene case oe 17 | July 14, Oct. 2, Nov. 14, Dec. 15, 1914; Feb. 24, Apr. 9, May 8, June 8, 1915.

TVUSSTA oh. seis ce niek seen e Seo 9 | July 9, 1914.1

SALVADOR? —. 52 eee Be © erelcineie 5 | Oct. 31, 1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 27, May 7, June 17, 1915.

SIAM ee ane sc cue eto se siskines te 4] Dec. 10,1914; Mar. 12, May 12, June 22, 1915.

SOUTHTATUISTRATIAL =. oe se -2- 23 | July 14, Oct. 2, Nov. 14, Dec. 15, 1914; Jan. 20, Feb. 24, Apr. 9, May 8, June 8, 1915.

SPAIN @ cco sos coer aceecicees 24 | Oct.9, Nov. 16,1914; Jan. 12, Feb. 17, May 7, June 7, 1915.

SWEDEN acc cosceetiece secee 59 | July 9, Oct. 15, Dec. 1, 1914; Jan. 6, Feb. 10, Mar. 10, 19, Apr.

5 29, May 26, June 24, 1915.

SWITZERLAND Soe. cise meee 42 | July 11, Nov. 2, Dec. 8, 1914; Feb. 9, Mar. 11, Apr. 28, May 14, 28, 1915.

BYRTA See = semana isaen see ate oe 2 | July 25, Oct. 28, 1914.1

AAS WAIN TAGE oe Ace = Seen eee 14 | July 18, 31, Sept. 25, Oct. 26, Nov. 7, Dec. 5, 1914; Jan. 2, 16, Feb. 13, Apr. 20, June 19, 1915.

IBRINIDAD): saesjes oe oes cce cere 5 | Oct. 8, Dec. 10, 1914; Jan. 25, May 10, June 22, 1915.

AS URGE Wea seo ete mee cee sisi eae 2 3 | July 25, Oct. 28, 1914.1

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA....- 30 | July 23, Oct. 30, Dec. 10, 1914; Jan. 12, Feb. 16, Apr. 30, May 27, June 25, 1915.

WRUGUAY sc 3. oscesst cnceeeee 17 | July 16, Oct. 20, Nov. 18, Dec. 17, 1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 27, Apr.

; 23, May 20, June 22, 1915.

VENEZUELA oa-cencseeoe neces 11 | Oct. 20, Dec. 17, 1914; Jan. 28, Feb. 29, May 5, June 16, 1915. WICTORIA js2:28 oeeotes. tye) 5 25 | July 14, Oct. 2, Nov. 14, Dec. 15, 1914; Jan. 20, Feb. 24, Apr. 8, May 8, June 8, 1915.

WESTERN AUSTRALIA.......-. 20 | July 3, 31, Sept. 17, 25, Oct. 26, Nov. 7, Dec. 5, 12, 1914; Jan. 16, 23, Feb. 6, 13, Mar. 8, 20, Apr. 20, June 12, 1915. WINDWARD AND LEEWARD 3 | Dec. 10,1914; Mar. 12, June 22, 1915. ISLANDS, \

1 Shipments temporarily suspended on account of the European war.

With the exception of one package for the chief secretary to the government of Madras, India, and one for the undersecretary to the government of the United Provinces, Allahabad, India—each con- taining 12 United States governmental documents—no consignments have, so far as the Institution has been informed, been lost during the year, which is considered remarkable in view of the number of ships sunk by war vessels.

A number of boxes have been detained at several ports of de- barkation owing to the fact that the vessels on which they were forwarded have been interned. Wherever possible the Institution has obtained the release of these consignments and they have been

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 65

sent forward to their destinations. At the close of the year one box for Sofia, one for Serbia, and two for Syria, all forwarded from New York July 2, 1914, per steamship Barbarossa, were held at Bremen, Germany, and four boxes for Pretoria, forwarded from New York July 10, 1914, per steamship Rawenfels, were held at Bahia, Brazil. With the exception of the latter, these consignments will probably be held until the close of the war. The Institution is endeavoring to have the boxes for the Government Printing Works at Pretoria released and forwarded from Bahia to destination.

During the year the Institution has obtained for the Library of Congress from the Chinese Government, in exchange for the full series of United States official documents sent to China, a set of the Imperial Institutes of the Ching Dynasty and of the Imperial Rec- ords Relative to the Suppression of Rebellions. These valuable works comprise a total of 684 volumes. Many other foreign govern- mental documents have been obtained through the Exchange Service for the Library of Congress. In special instances, when requested to do so, the Institution has used the facilities of the Exchange Service to procure publications for both foreign and domestic gov- ernmental and scientific establishments. Quite a number of requests of foreign organizations for publications have been received from American consular officers through the Department of State.

Owing largely to the efforts of Mr. Vittorio Benedetti, recently ap- pointed chief of the Italian office of International Exchanges, the service between Italy and the United States has been very much improved during the year. Mr. Benedetti has presented the Insti- tution with a typewritten copy of an account prepared by him of the origin and development of the International Exchange Service. A translation will be made of this interesting document and placed in the archives of the exchanges for reference.

The act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916, included a pro- vision authorizing the Government branches under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution to exchange typewriters, adding ma- chines, and other labor-saving devices in part payment for like ar- ticles. This office exchanged four typewriting machines during the year. .

The multigraph duplicating machine supplied by the Institution, which has been in use in the Exchange Office since 1908, has been replaced by a new machine. This multigraph, with stand, cost $283.50, and was purchased from the appropriation for the Inter- national Exchanges. It has been found to be very useful in the printing not only of circular letters, but of envelopes, labels, and other forms.

18618°—sm 1915——5

66 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

The walls, ceilings, floors, and woodwork of the government and shipping rooms were painted during the year and the government room was provided with a large sorting table 27 feet 3 inches long, 2 feet 104 inches wide, and 3 feet high, with drop leaf at end and two drawers and shelves. There are only two windows in the gov- ernment room, and on account of the thickness of the walls of the Smithsonian Building these admitted very little hight. The windows in that room have therefore been splayed, with the result that the lighting has been greatly improved.

Another room has been assigned by the Institution for the use of the Exchange Office, which has facilitated the handling of the many packages received for transmission through the service.

The unsatisfactory electric lighting system throughout the Ex- change Office has been very much improved by the installation of a semi-indirect hghting system. ‘The washroom provided for the use of the employees has been fitted up with two lavatories.

FOREIGN DEPOSITORIES OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENTAL DOCUMENTS.

In accordance with treaty stipulations and under the authority of the congressional resolutions of March 2, 1867, and March 2, 1901, setting apart a certain number of documents for exchange with for- eign countries, there are now sent regularly to depositories abroad 56 full sets of United States official publications and 36 partial sets.

The partial set of publications sent to Ceylon has in the past been forwarded in care of the American consul at Colombo. The consul now informs the Institution that the documents in question are de- posited in the Record Department of the Library of the Colonial Secretary’s Office, and consignments will therefore be sent direct to that office in the future.

The recipients of full and partial sets are as follows:

DEPOSITORIES OF FULL SETS.

ARGENTINA: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Buenos Aires.

AUSTRALIA: Library of the Commonwealth Parliament, Melbourne.

AusTRIA: K. K. Statistische Zentral-Kommission, Vienna.

BADEN: Universitiits-Bibliothek, Freiburg. (Depository of the Grand Duchy of Baden.)

BAVARIA: KOnigliche Hof- und Staats-Bibliothek, Munich.

BELGIUM: Bibliothéque Royale, Brussels.

BomsBay: Secretary to the Government, Bombay.

Braziz: Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro.

Buenos Atres: Biblioteca de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata. (Deposi- tory of the Province of Buenos Aires.)

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 67

Canapa: Library of Parliament, Ottawa.

Cutter: Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional, Santiago.

CuinA: American-Chinese Publication Exchange Department, Shanghai Bureau of Foreign Affairs, Shanghai. f

CotomsBrIA: Biblioteca Nacional, Bogota

Costa Rica: Oficina de Depdésito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, San José.

CuBa: Secretaria de Hstado (Asuntos Generales y Canje Internacional), Habana.

DENMARK: Kongelige Bibliotheket, Copenhagen.

ENGLAND: British Museum, London.

France: Bibliothéque Nationale, Paris.

GERMANY: Deutsche Reichstags-Bibliothek, Berlin.

GuAscow: City Librarian, Mitchell Library, Glasgow.

GREECE: Bibliothéque Nationale, Athens.

Harri: Secrétairerie d’Etat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince.

Huneary: Hungarian House of Delegates, Budapest.

InptA: Department of Education (Books), Government of India, Calcutta.

TreELAND: National Library of Ireland, Dublin.

Iraty: Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele, Rome.

JAPAN: Imperial Library of Japan, Tokyo.

Lonpon: London School of Economics and Political Science. (Depository of the London County Council.)

MAntrosa: Provincial Library, Winnipeg.

Mexico: Instituto Bibliografico, Biblioteca Nacional, Mexico.

NETHERLANDS: Library of the States General, The Hague.

New SoutH WatEs: Public Library of New South Wales, Sydney.

Nrw ZEALAND: General Assembly Library, Wellington.

Norway: Storthingets Bibliothek, Christiania.

OnTARIO: Legislative Library, Toronto.

Paris: Préfecture de la Seine.

Peru: Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.

PorTUGAL: Bibliotheca Nacional, Lisbon.

Prussta: Konigliche Bibliothek, Berlin.

QurBec: Library of the Legislature of the Province of Quebec, Quebec.

QUEENSLAND: Parliamentary Library, Brisbane.

Russta: Imperial Public Library, Petrograd.

Saxony: Konigliche Oeffentliche Bibliothek, Dresden.

Serpra: Section Administrative du Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Belgrade.

SoutH AUSTRALIA: Parliament Library, Adelaide.

Spain: Servicio del Cambio Internacional de Publicaciones, Cuerpo Facultativo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arquedlogos, Madrid.

SweDEN: Kungliga Biblioteket, Stockholm.

SWITZERLAND: Bibliothéque Fédérale, Berne.

TASMANIA: Parliamentary Library, Hobart.

TurKEY: Department of Public Instruction, Constantinople.

Union or SoutH Arrica: State Library, Pretoria, Transvaal.

Urnueuay: Oficina de Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Montevideo.

VENEZUELA: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas.

VicTorRIA: Public Library, Melbourne.

WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth.

WURTTEMBERG: Konigliche Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart.

68 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

DEPOSITORIES OF PARTIAL SETS.

ALBERTA: Provincial Library, Edmonton.

ALsAcr-LORRAINE: K. Ministerium fiir Elsass-Lothringen, Strassburg.

Bortv1A: Ministerio de Colonizaci6én y Agricultura, La Paz.

BrEMEN: Senatskommission fiir Reichs- und Auswirtige Angelegenheiten.

BritisH CotumsBiA: Legislative Library, Victoria.

BritIsH GurIaANA: Government Secretary’s Office, Georgetown, Demerara.

Butcaria: Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sofia.

CrEyLon: Colonial Secretary’s Office (Record Department of the Library), Co- lombo.

Ecuapor: Biblioteca Nacional, Quito.

Eeyer: Bibliothéque Khédiviale, Cairo.

FINLAND: Chancery of Governor, Helsingfors.

GUATEMALA: Secretary of the Government, Guatemala.

HampBurG: Senatskommission fiir die Reichs- und Auswirtigen Angelegenheiten.

HeEssE: Grossherzogliche Hof Bibliothek, Darmstadt.

Honpuras: Secretary of the Government, Tegucigalpa.

JAMAICA: Colonial Secretary, Kingston.

LIBERIA: Department of State, Monrovia.

LouRENcO MArQuEz: Government Library, Lourengo Marquez.

Lutseck: President of the Senate.

Mapras, PRovINCE oF: Chief Secretary to the Government of Madras, Public Department, Madras.

Matta: Lieutenant Governor, Valetta.

MOoNTENEGRO: Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Cetinje.

NEw BRUNSWICK: Legislative Library, Fredericton.

NEWFOUNDLAND: Colonial Secretary, St. John’s.

NICARAGUA: Superintendente de Archivos Nacionales, Managua.

NorkTHWEST TERRITORIES: Government Library, Regina.

Nova Scotta: Provincial Secretary of Nova Scotia, Halifax.

PANAMA: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Panama.

PARAGUAY: Oficina General de Inmigracion, Asuncion.

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Legislative Library, Charlottetown.

RouMANIA: Academia Romana, Bucharest.

SALvApor: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador.

Sram: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok.

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS: Colonial Secretary, Singapore.

UNITED PROVINCES OF AGRA AND OuDH: Under Secretary to Government, Alla- habad.

VIENNA: Biirgermeister der Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt.

INTERPARLIAMENTARY EXCHANGE OF OFFICIAL JOURNALS.

There are now 33 countries with which. the immediate exchange of official journals with the United States is carried on, the Government of Costa Rica having been added during the year. A complete list of the Governments to which the Congressional Record is now sent is given below:

Argentine Republic. Belgium.

Australia. Brazil.

Austria. Buenos Aires, Province of. Baden. Canada.

| j ! q

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REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 69

Costa Rica. Portugal.

Cuba. Prussia.

Denmark. Queensland. France. Roumania.

Great Britain. Russia.

Greece. Serbia. ‘Guatemala. Spain.

Honduras. Switzerland. Hungary. Transvaal.

Italy. Union of South Africa. Liberia. Uruguay.

New South Wales. Western Australia.

New Zealand.

LIST OF BUREAUS OR AGENCIES THROUGH WHICH EXCHANGES ARE TRANSMITTED.

The following is a list of the bureaus or agencies through which exchanges

are transmitted :

ALGERIA, via France.

ANGOLA, via Portugal.

ARGENTINA: Comisi6n Protectora de Bibliotecas Populares, Reconquista 538, Buenos Aires, :

AusTRIA: K. K. Statistische Zentral-Kommission, Vienna.

AZORES, Via Portugal.

Betcrum: Service Belge des Echanges Internationaux, Rue des Longs-Chariots 46, Brussels.

BottviA: Oficina Nacional de Estadistica, La Paz.

Brazii: Servico de Permutacdes Internacionaes, Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro.

BritTisH CoLonies: Crown Agents for the Colonies, London.

BRITISH GUIANA: Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society, Georgetown.

BritisH HonpurAS: Colonial Secretary, Belize.

Buuearia: Institutions Scientifiques de S. M. le Roi de Bulgarie, Sofia. ©

CANARY ISLANDS, via Spain.

CHILE: Servicio de Canjes Internacionales, Biblioteca Nacional, Santiago.

Cu1nA: American-Chinese Publication Exchange Department, Shanghai Bu- reau of Foreign Affairs, Shanghai.

CoromsIA: Oficina de Canjes Internacionales y Reparto, Biblioteca Nacional, Bogota.

Costa Rica: Oficina de Depésito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, San José. .

DENMARK: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Copenhagen.

DutcH GurtANnaA: Surinaamsche Koloniale Bibliotheek, Paramaribo.

Ecuapor: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Quito.

Eeypr: Government Publications Office, Printing Department, Cairo.

FRANCE: Service Francais des Echanges Internationaux, 110 Rue de Grenelle, Paris.

GrerMany: Amerika-Institut, Berlin, N. W. 7.

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND: Messrs. William Wesley & Son, 28 Essex Street, Strand, London.

GREECE: Bibliothéque Nationale, Athens.

GREENLAND, via Denmark.

GUADELOUPE, via France.

GUATEMALA: Instituto Nacional de Varones, Guatemala.

70 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

GUINEA, via Portugal.

Hartt: Secrétaire d’Etat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince.

HonpuraAs: Biblioteca Nacional, Tegucigalpa.

Huncary: Dr. Julius Pikler, Municipal Office of Statistics, Vaci-utea 80, Buda- pest.

IcELAND, via Denmark.

InptA: India Store Department, India Office, London.

Iraty: Ufficio degli Seambi Internazionali, Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Kman- uele, Rome.

JAMAICA: Institute of Jamaica, Kingston.

JAPAN: Imperial Library of Japan, Tokyo.

JAVA, via Netherlands.

Korra: His Imperial Japanese Majesty’s Residency-General, Seoul.

Lieerta: Bureau of Exchanges, Department of State, Monrovia.

Lourenco Marquez: Government Library, Lourenco Marquez.

LUXEMBURG, via Germany.

MADAGASCAR, via France.

Mapetra, via Portugal.

Monrenecro: Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Cetinje.

MozAMBIQUE, via Portugal.

NETHERLANDS: Bureau Scientifique Central Néerlandais, Bibliothéque de l’Uni- versité, Leyden.

New Guinea, via Netherlands.

New SourH Wares: Public Library of New South Wales, Sydney.

New ZEALAND: Dominion Museum, Wellington.

Nicaracua: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Managua.

Norway: Kongelige Norske Frederiks Universitet Bibliotheket, Christiania.

PANAMA: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Panama.

Paraguay: Servicio de Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Seccién Consular y de Comercio, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Asuncion.

PrrstA: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York City.

Peru: Oficina de Reparto, Depésito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Ministerio de Fomento, Lima.

PortuGaL: Servico de Permutacdes Internacionaes, Inspeccio Geral das Biblio- theeas e Archivos Publicos, Lisbon.

QUEENSLAND: Bureau of Exchanges of International Publications, Chief Sec- retary’s Office, Brisbane.

RouMANIA: Academia Romana, Bucharest.

Russta: Commission Russe des HNchanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Im- periale Publique, Petrograd.

Satyapor: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador.

Spreta: Section Administrative du Ministére des Affaires trangéres, Belgrade.

Sram: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok.

SoutH AUSTRALIA: Public Library of South Australia, Adelaide.

Sparn: Servicio del Cambio Internacional de Publicaciones, Cuerpo Faculta- tivo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueélogos, Madrid.

Sumatra, via Netherlands.

SwepEeN: Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien, Stockholm.

SwitzERLAND: Service des Echanges Internationaux Bibliothéque Fédérale Centrale, Berne.

Syrta: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York.

TASMANIA: Secretary to the Premier, Hobart.

TRINIDAD: Royal Victoria Institute of Trinidad and Tobago, Port-of-Spain.

I —_

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Tunis, via France.

TurKEY: American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mission§8, Boston.

Union or SoutH Arrica: Government Printing Works, Pretoria, Transvaal.

UruGuay: Oficina de Canje Internacional, Montevideo.

VENEZUELA: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas.

Victrorta: Public Library of Victoria, Melbourne.

WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth.

WINDWARD AND LEEWARD ISLANDS: Imperial Department of Agriculture, Bridge- town, Barbados.

Respectfully submitted. C. W. SHOEMAKER,

Chief Clerk International Kachange Service.

Dr. Cuartes D. Watcort, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Avcust 24, 1915,

APPENDIX 4. REPORT ON THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.

Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report concerning the operations of the National Zoological Park during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915.

The sundry civil act approved August 1, 1914, provided $100,000 for improvement and maintenance. The cost of food for the animals during the year was about $23,000, being slightly less than the previous year, when it attained the highest figure yet reached ; exten- sive repairs were required on roads and a considerable amount had to be expended on some of the buildings, all of which reduced the amount available for additional improvements.

ACCESSIONS.

EKighty-eight animals were born and hatched in the park. Among

these were a South American tapir, an Arabian camel, 4 otters, 5

bears, a beaver, and various other mammals and birds.

The accessions included altogether 25 species not hitherto repre- sented in the collection, and although considerably greater in number than during the previous year, included few of importance, as the supply of foreign animals was largely cut off by the war. A speci- men of Przewalski’s horse was secured as were various other animals of less note; a considerable number of waterfowl were also added.

EXCHANGES.

Eighty-two animals were secured through exchange. including 4 pumas, a jaguar, a palm civet and other mammals, a considerable number of birds, and a few reptiles.

GIETS.

Mr. H. H. Bailey, Newport News, Va., a whistling swan.

Mr. H. B. Barber, Washington, D. C., a great horned owl.

Mr. D. L. Barton, Washington, D. C., an alligator.

Mrs. O. L: Beardsley, Washington, D. C., three spermophiles. Mrs. B. O. Billingsby, Jules Station, Va., a skunk.

Miss Lillian Birney, Washington, D. C., an alligator.

Mr. IF. D. Bradford, Washington, D. C., four alligators.

Mr. M. EB. Bruce, Philadelphia, Pa., two yellow-naped parrots.

72

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REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 13

Mr. John Buckey, Washington, D. C., an alligator.

Mr. Joseph H. Curtis, Washington, D. C., a woodechuck.

Mrs. J. B. Dodson, Washington, D. C., an opossum.

Mr. G. A. Durfee, Washington, D. C., a grass parrakeet.

Mr. C. C. Estes, Washington, D. C., two cottontail rabbits.

Mrs. Sheldon Evans, Washington, D. C., a white-fronted parrot.

Mr. KE. Fabre, Washington, D. C., a red-shouldered hawk.

Mrs. George Fowler, Philadelphia, Pa., a white-throated capuchin.

Mr. I’. A. Frazer, Spotsylvania, Va., a Cooper’s hawk.

Mr. James Frazier, Washington, D. C., a silver pheasant.

Brother Geraptin, Franciscan Monastery, Washington, D. C., two mocking birds.

Mr. C. G. Hoffman, Remington, Va., a barn owl.

Mr. J. M. Johnson, Washington, D. C., a bald eagle.

Mrs. D. C. Laws, Port Limon, Costa Rica, a white-throated capuchin.

Mrs. Arthur Lee, Washington, D. C., a silver-blue tanager.

Mr. Oscar M. Link, Washington, D. ©., a sparrow hawk.

Mr. E. A. Mcthenny, Avery Island, La., six blue-winged teal.

Mr. Vinson W. McLean, Washington, D. C., a diamond rattlesnake.

Mr. Lester Martin, Washington, D. C., a raccoon.

Mr. Fred. Mertens, Washington, D. C., a bald eagle.

Mr. A. M. Nicholson, Orlando, Fla., a diamond rattlesnake.

Mr. John M. Pickrell, Washington, D. C., a diamond rattlesnake,

Mr. Hdw. S. Schmid, Washington, D. C., a screech owl, two barn owls, and a spreading adder.

Mr. Fred. Schnaebele, Washington, D. C., an alligator.

Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, Washington, D. C., a black snake and a barred owl.

Mrs. C. B. Strong, Washington, D. C., a merganser.

Mrs. Swyhart, Washington, D. C., a horned lizard.

Mr. E. Thomas, Washington, D. C., an alligator.

Mr. Samuel G. Walker, Weld, W. Va., a bay lynx.

Mr. William Whyte, Washington, D. C., an alligator.

Hon. Woodrow Wilson, Washington, D. C., an opossum.

Mr. D. E. Winstead, Washington, D. C., an alligator.

Mr. N. P. Wood, North Mountain, W. Va., a green snake,

Unknown donor, a red fox,

Unknown donor, a Gila monster.

LOSSES.

a

The most noteworthy loss during the year was the death by rup- ture of the aorta of the largest of the Alaskan brown bears, caught as a small cub in May, 1901. ‘He had attained a weightsof 1,160 pounds. A Coke’s hartbeest and several monkeys died from tuber- culosis, two pronghorn antelopes from necrotic stomatitis, a lion from pericarditis, and a large bison bull (the “ten-dollar buffalo”) from the effects of old age. Quail disease was again brought into the collection in a shipment of birds received from the southwestern United States and caused the death of more than half of the quail in the collection. A few waterfowl, also, died from aspergillosis, and there was some loss of birds from attacks by predatory animals

74 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1915.

roaming at large in the park, though it was less than during the pre- vious year. Torty-one of the animals that died were transferred to the National Museum. Autopsies were made, as usual, by the Patho- logical Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture."

ANIMALS IN THE COLLECTION JUNE 380, 1915.

MAMMALS.

Green monkey (Cercopithecus eallitri- Common ferret (Putorius putorius)_— il

ChUS i oe ee Se ee 1 | Black-footed ferret (Putorius nigripes) 1 Mona monkey (Cecropithecus mona) —- 8 | North American otter (Lutra cana- Diana monkey (Cercopithecus diana)~ 1 densts)\ =< oS eae Bonnet monkey (Macacus sinicus)——~ 1 | Eskimo dog (Canis familiaris) _____-~ 1 Macaque monkey (Macacus cynomol- Dingo (@anis dingo) 2 ee

GUS) ees Boe ce Se A ye ae ep ee 2} Gray wolf (Canis occidentalis) _-__~ Pig-tailed monkey (Macacus nemes- Coyote (Canis latrans).2_ 20 22s

ERIN Ss) 2 aS Be Se ee 3 | Woodhouse’s coyote (Canis frustror)_— Rhesus monkey (Macacus rhesus)_-_- 31 | Red fox (Vulpes pennsylwanicus) —----

Brown macaque (Macacus arctoides) —- 2°| Swift fox (Vulyes velor) 21)" ss = Japanese monkey (Macacus fuscatus) — 8 | Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) ---=-_L_= Moor macaque (Macacus maurus) ——-~ 1 | Gray fox (Urocyon cinereo-argenteus) — Chaecma (Papio porcarius) —_-—___=_— 1 | Spotted hyena (Hyena crocuta) —___--~ Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) — 2 | Indian palm civet (Viverra civettina) — Mandrili (Papio maimon)——-_--_--_- 1 | Common genet (Genetta genctta) _--__ White-throated capuchin (Cebus hypo- Cheetah (Cynailurus jubatus) —-------

LEWIS) eee oe ee Se eee Sudan lion (felis leo)__- 2 ese Brown monkey (Cebus fatuellus) ---- Kilimanjaro lion (Felis leo sabakiensis) — Mongoose lemur (Lemur mongoz)—--~ Tirer (Kelis: tigris)=——--—— Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta)—---_~- Puma (felis oregonensis hippolestes)-— Polar bear (Thalarctos maritimus) ——~ Jaguar (GHelisionca).2 oe European brown bear (Ursus arctos)— Leopard \(elis pardus) 2 ee Kadiak bear (Ursus middendorffi) ---~ Black leopard (Felis pardus) —-------- Yakutat bear (Ursus dalli)—----_—__~ Canada lynx (Lyn canadensis) ___---- Alaskan brown bear (Ursus gyas)--- Bay hus (Lyne 1s) Kidder’s bear (Ursus kidderi) ---_-_- Spotted lynx (Lyne rufus texensis) ~~~ Hybrid bear (Ursus kidderi-arctos) ___- California lynx (Lyn# rufus californi- Himalayan bear (Ursus thibetanus) —~ Japanese bear (Ursus japonicus) ——_~ Grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis) ___-_-

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Black bear (Ursus americanus) ~~~ manus) 222---24h SEER Se Sees 2 Cinnamon bear (Ursus americanus) —— Northern fur seal (Callotaria alascana) — al Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus)- ---__ Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina)_-_._----_ 1 Kinkajou (Cercolentes caudivolvulus) — Fox squirrel (Sciwrus niger) —-----~--- 9 Cacomistle (Bassariscus astuta) __--___ Western fox squirrel (Sciurus ludo-

Gray coatimundi (Nasua narica)——-~ MiCiIQNUs)) — 2S Ee eee eee 8 Raccoon ‘(Procyon lotor) 2222 32552 = 1 Gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)_— 40 American badger (Tavidea tarus) —-_~ Black squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) 20 European badger (Meles tarus)_-_____ Albino squirrel (Sciuwrus carolinensis) — il Common skunk (Mephitis putida) —__~ Thirteen-lined spermophile (Spermo-

Tayra (Galictis tarbera) i= philus tridecimlineatous)__---_-----_ 2 American marten (Mustela americana) _— Prairie dog (Cyomys ludovicianus)__-- 60 Fisher (Mustela pennantii) _~-_______ Woodchuck (Marmota monaz)-—_----~-- 2 Minks (Putorius, vison) — 2-2 ee 16 1 Alpine marmot (Marmota marmotta)-— 1

1 The causes of death were reported to be as follows: Enteritis, 20; gastritis, 2; gastro- enteritis, 1; quail disease, 20; pneumonia, 8; tuberculosis, 10; congestion of lungs, 4; pleurisy, 1; aspergillosis, 4; congestion of liver, 5; rupture of liver, 1; nephritis, 1; peritonitis, 1; septicemia, 2; pyemia, 1; septic endometritis, 1; pericarditis, 3; rupture of aorta, 1; hemorrhage on spinal cord, 1; visceral gout, 2; chronie arthritis, 1; impaction of intestine, 1; necrotic stomatitis, 2; anemia, 3; wound infection, 1; accident, 2; unde- termined, 7.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

American beaver (Castor canadensis) _— Coypu (Myocastor coypus) —___-__--_~ THuropean porcupine (Hystriaz cristata) — Indian porcupine (Hystrixv leucura)-—- Canada porcupine ( Hrethizon dorsatus) — Canada porcupine (Hrethizon dorsa-

UES) eps EO) 22 oe at eee ee ek Viscacha (Lagostomus trichodactylus) — Mexican agouti (Dasyprocta mexicana) — Azara’s agouti (Dasyprocta azar@)_—-—~ Crested agouti (Dasyprocta cristata) —_ Hairy-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta

DUM OLO DUG 2S ere a Paeca .(Celogenys paca) _-._--—— -=-==— Guinea pig (Cavia cutleri) ___________ Patagonian ecavy (Dolichotis pata-

PGR CO) Sas ee Oe Se Se Capybara (Jlydrocherus capybara)_—-- Domestic rabbit (Lepus cuniculus) ~~~ African elephant (Hlephas ovyotis) —~-~ Indian elephant (Hlephas maximus) _—~ Brazilian tapir (Tapirus americanus) -— Wild horse (Zquus przewalskii) ------ Greyy’s zebra (Hquus grevyi)_-------- Zebra-horse hybrid (Hquus grevyi-ca-

GU TAR Shee lae lg Be r Zebra-donkey hybrid (Hquus grevyi-asi-

Grant’s zebra (Hquus burchelli granii)~ Collared peccary (Dicotyles angulatus)— Waldsbour (Sws sc0f,d) 2 = — ee Northern wart hog (Phacocherus afri-

COMMS aS 2s ails. Se see ee Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphi-

Guanaco (Lama huanachus) ~~ -----_- Rlama(hanad Glama@) 22222 3.4 = 2 Alpaca, (Lama paces) =. 22222 ek Vicugna (Lama vicugna)—-.-_.-__--— Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) — Arabian camel( Camelus dromedarius) —

Mocking bird (Mimus polyglottos) —---~ Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis)_---~-~ Japanese robin (Liothri« luteus) ----~ Laughing thrush (Garrulaxr leucolo-

TAS essa Se Oa Ng et Australian gray jumper (Struthidea

CUNEN EA) eens a= Se a Sa es eee to Bishop finch (Tanagra episcopus)_—--- Cut-throat finch (Amadina fasciata) —_ Zebra finch (Amadina castanotis)_—___ Black-headed finch (Munia atricapilla) — Three-colored finch (Munia malacca) —— White-headed finch (Munia maja)_-___ Nutmeg finch (Munia punctularia)_—__ Java sparrow (Munia oryzivora)______ White Java sparrow (Munia oryzi-

Sharp-tailed grass finch (Poéphila acu- TUCO) \ Se Ss St be ee BS Silver-bill finch (Aidemosyne cantans) — Chestnut-breasted finch (Donacola cas- CAONCOLILOTOG) Perea tas Sere o WR ee

Sambar deer (Cervus wricolor)—_—__ Philippine deer (Cervus philippinus) —— Flog deer (Cervus porcinus)————- —-_— Barasingha deer (Oervus duvaucelii) —_ Axis deer (Cervus avis). -~--——-=_ = Japanese deer (Cervus sika) ----___ Red deer (Cervus elaphus)..-______ American elk (Cervus canadensis) ~~~ Fallow deer (Cervus dama) ~~ ~—~—__~-_~— Virginia deer (Odocoileus virginianus) — Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) ~~~ Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus 2 COULNLOTANIUS) yea ee ee ee 2 alae, 2 | Cuban deer (Odocoileus sp.)--.-_---_ 3 | Blessbok (Damaliscus albifrons) ~~~ White-tailed gnu (Connochates gnu) — Defassa water buck (Cobus defassa) —_ Indian antelope (Antilope cervicapra) — Arabian gazelle (Gazgella arabica) ____ Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) —~ Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) ——__ Congo harnessed antelope (T'ragelaphus gratus) Tahr (Hemitragus jemlaicus)— ~~~ _~ Common goat (Capra hircus) ~_____— Angora goat (Capra hircus) —~--_____ Circassian goat (Capra hircus) ______ Barbary sheep (Ovis tragelaphus) —__~ Barbados sheep (Ovis aries-tragela- phus) Anoa (Anoa@ depressicornis)——_-______— Zebu (Bibes indicus) 2242 = Yak (Poéphagus grunniens)_—_-______ American bison (Bison americanus) ~~ Hairy armadillo (Dasypus villosus) —— 2} Wallaroo (Macropus robustus) ~~ ____ 7 | Red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) ~-___ 3 | Bennett’s wallaby (Macropus ruficollis 1 bennetti) 2 4

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Virginia opossum (Didelphys marsupi- alis)

BIRDS.

2 | Napolean weaver (Pyromelana afra) —- 1 | Madagascar weaver (Foudia madagas- 2 COPLENSTS) RELY Be ete he, BON |e Red-billed weaver (Quelea quelea)_____ Paradise weaver (Vidua paradisea) —___ Red-crested cardinal (Paroaria cucul-

bo

Common cardinal (Cardinalis cardi-

NGS) 5. aa Le Soe Bye Siskin. (Spinusi spinus)2S2>- a ee Saffron finch (Sycalis flaveola) _______ Yellow hammer (Hmberiza citrinella)__ Common canary (Serinus canarius) —__ Linnet (Linota cannabina)___________ Cowbird (Molothrus ater)_-__-_______ Glossy starling (Lamprotornis cauda- CUS) eno eS oe eg Soe ee da

WADATAIR OH R

rar

= bo

toe

European rayen (Corvus corar)___--~ | American raven (Corvus corar sinua-

10 5 15 1

WEN REE Ee PR

a Ww Ot me bP to

= 00

H et HB OD 1 Or OO

76

Rocky Mountain jay (Perisoreus cana-

densisicapitalisy) 222 eae eee White-throated jay (Garrulus leucotis) — Blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata)________ American magpie (Pica pica hudsonica) — Red-billed magpie (Urocissa occipitalis) — Yellow tyrant (Pitangus sulphuratus

PURPENNis) LLB wIeE